Describe how secondary B cell responses aredeveloped.

Q: Describe how the complement system works, and list 3 effects that complement activation has.

A: An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by…

Q: Describe the cooperative interactions between antigen-presentingcells, T cells, and B cells.

A: When a positive change done for one component increases the collectively benefits of a group of…

Q: Explain the functions and types of immune receptors, includingwhere and how they develop.

A: Immunity is of two types:  Adaptive and innate immunity. The adaptive immunity can adapt to…

Q: Compare and contrast the activities of B cells versus T cells.

A: Introduction: The immune system is involved in protecting the human body from any invading pathogen.…

Q: Give an example of autoimmune disease.

A: The immune system is a complex system of the body that includes cellular as well as molecular…

Q: Match the major types of antibodies with theirfunction and/or where each is found.(1) associated…

A: Answer is given.

Q: Describe the requirements for activation of helper T cells by macrophages. Explain how helper T…

A: T cells or T lymphocytes play a significant role in cell-mediated adaptive immunity. The cytotoxic T…

Q: How do NK cells recognize which cells to attack in ADCC?

A: Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are lymphocytes that belong to the innate lymphoid cell family.…

Q: Describe three circumstances that might cause antibodies to developagainst self tissues.

A: The immune system in the body act as a defense system. It fights against disease and infection. The…

Q: Outline the process of B-cell activation against a T-dependent antigen.

A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the small lymphocyte…

Q: B cells are responsible for (a) cell-mediated immunity. (b) immune surveillance. (c)…

A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…

Q: List the subclasses of T-helper cells and state the type(s) of the pathogen(s) targeted by each?

A: T lymphocytes or T-cells are the vital players of the adaptive immune response. They are derived…

Q: Explain the contrasting properties of B Cells and T Cells.

A: There are three types of blood cells present in the human body. The White blood cells consist of…

Q: Explain the observation that lymphoid tissues are scattered in the skin,lungs, stomach, and…

A: The most diffuse lymphoid tissue is found in the free connective-tissue spaces underneath most wet…

Q: Describe three ways in which B cells and T cells are similar and atleast five major ways in which…

A: Lymphocytes belong to the category of white blood cells and serve the function of immunity.  As its…

Q: Describe what is assembled on the surface of pre-B cells.

A: Pre B cells are cells in the bone marrow that are progenators of the B cells that are a part of the…

Q: Explain the function of phagocytes and natural killer cells.

A: Step 1 Innate immunity is a natural genotype-based system of defence elements with which an…

Q: Explain what occurs in immune complex diseases and giveexamples.

A: Immune complexes also known as antigen-antibody complex which are the aggregates of antigen and…

Q: How are B cells activated?

A: Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals. It delivers necessary substances such as oxygen…

Q: Explain how tolerance to self-antigens may be produced. Also, give two examples of autoimmune…

A: The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign pathogens. Immune system fight…

Q: Explain the effect of Th on B cells

A: B cells or B lymphocytes are a kind of leucocytes that are involved in humoral immunity. They are…

Q: Explain the mechanisms of immune complex disease.

A: Antigen–antibody deposition and complement activation characterise immune complex illnesses, which…

Q: Describe a mechanism by which an antigen can enter the lymph node and make contact with the B-cell…

A: The response of B-cell includes two events that take place in different regions and at different…

Q: Explain why are B cells known as Antigen Presenting cells and what happens after antigen…

A: As B cell has MHC class II so that it can present antigen.  B celk has IgM or IgD antibody that…

Q: Distinguish between clonal deletion and clonal anergy in B cells.

A: Lymphocyte selection is mainly focused on checking two qualities of immature lymphocytes. The first…

Q: Illustrate the B-cell maturation process in response to antigen triggering

A: B cell  also known as B lymphocytes are type of immune cells that belongs to the subtype of B…

Q: Describe the origins and effects of primary immune diseasescaused by B-cell, T-cell, or combined…

A: Immune system provides immunity or protection against foreign substances by involving specific…

Q: Explain how the secondary response to an antigen isfaster and greater than the primary response.

A: Immune response is a function of a human body which work as a body gaurd or a protector to the body.…

Q: Explain the cross-presentation of exogenous antigen.

A: EXOGENOUS ANTIGEN- Antigens that enter the body from the outside, such as bacteria, fungi,…

Q: What is the function of B cells?

A: B lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.

Q: Describe the development of antigen receptors on lymphocytes

A: Lymphocytes are the white blood cells that are the major immune cells. The lymphocytes are…

Q: Briefly describe the inflammatory response process.

A: Inflammatory is a process in which white blood cells of the body and the substance produced by them…

Q: Define the inflammatory response, and explain its benefits.

A: An immune response is a defense mechanism that happens within an organism to combat foreign…

Q: Explain the general function of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

A: Immune cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow to produce several kinds of white blood…

Q: hat is the role of B cells?

A: Lymphocytes are white blood cells that also function as immune cells in the body. They are produced…

Q: Explain the four hypersensitvity disorders that occurs during the immune system and how they are…

A: The defense mechanism of the host that includes several biological structures and processes to…

Q: Define cytotoxic T cell

A: Two types of lymphocytes are known. These are B cells and T cells. These are involved in adaptive…

Q: Describe the origin of interferon, and explain its role in controllingviruses and other immune…

A: Interferons are a group of cytokine which are being by cells in response to viruses. It helps the…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.