Describe the change in position & design of the long bones (stylopodia & zeugopodia) from a straddle-posture to an upright posture in a mammal. What other taxon has analogous changes in pelvis & limbs that go along with being bipedal?
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Describe the change in position & design of the long bones (stylopodia & zeugopodia) from a straddle-posture to an upright posture in a mammal. What other taxon has analogous changes in pelvis & limbs that go along with being bipedal?
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- Point out the all the structures (1-21) indicated in the corresponding pictures of the atlas, axis and typical cervical vertebrae of mammals. Add only the numbers in labelling each parts.Point out the all the structures (22-46) indicated in the corresponding pictures of the thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae of mammals.A human forearm, a horse's front leg, a bat's wing, and a porpoise's flipper have similar bone structure. What conclusions can we draw from the similarities in bone structure between these mammals? a. Such homologies do not exist in other areas of the vertebrate skeleton. b. Similarities among vertebrate forelimbs suggest they evolved from a common ancestor. c. Similarities among vertebrate forelimbs suggest they have evolved convergently. d. The anatomy of the vertebrate forelimb is not currently undergoing natural selection. e. Differences among vertebrate forelimbs suggest that they evolved independently.
- Note the four curvatures of the vertebralcolumn. What functional advantages exist withcurvatures for skeletal structure instead of a straightvertebral column?How do the “types of vertebrae” change throughout the evolution of vertebrate taxa, from fish (2 types) to amphibians(4 types)? Relate those changes to the functional demands on the skeleton—changes related to the move from water to land, need for support, locomotion.Sketch and label turtle and human shoulders with major bones labeled and important similarities and differences between the two and label what structure is the turtle's dorsal shell
- Discuss the similarities and differences of vertebral column of milkfish, shark, frog, turtle, chicken and cat.By palpating the hind leg of a cat or dog orexamining a laboratory skeleton, you can see that cats and dogs stand on the heads oftheir metatarsal bones; the calcaneus does not touch the ground. How is this similar to the stance of a woman wearing highheeled shoes? How is it different?Describe a typical vertebra of frog and show how other vertebrae differ from it ?
- What are the joints formed with the vomer of the dog? What bones articulate with it?The fused region of the ilium, ischium, and pelvic bones in a bird is called the:In your own words, Elucidate the potential reasons why there were changes in the bone structure of the vertebral columns of birds and humans? Enumerate two reasons.