Describe the function of the PTEN phosphatase in the PI-3 kinase signaling pathway. Why does a loss-of-function mutation in PTEN promote cancer? Predict the effect of constitutively active PTEN on cell growth and survival.
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Describe the function of the PTEN phosphatase in the PI-3 kinase signaling pathway. Why does a loss-of-function mutation in PTEN promote cancer? Predict the effect of constitutively active PTEN on cell growth and survival.
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- Activation of certain GPCRs triggers an intracellular signaling mechanism that involves activation of adenlyl cyclase and an increase of cAMP. Which of the following statements best describes the the events that follow such a cAMP increase? a.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase C. b.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of the release of the gamma subunit from the GPCR. c.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase A.Discuss the family of nuclear hormone receptors and explain how ligand binding to such a receptor can result in changes in gene expressionExplain how phospholipase C hydrolysis of PIP2 leads to activation of Protein Kinase C.
- in the insulin signaling pathway, the function of the PIP3-dependent Protein Kinase-1 is to add a __ group to the enzyme __ , which activates that enzyme.Put the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP Map Kinase is Phosphorylated Map Kinase enters the nucleusWhat are the three main parts of a signaling pathway? Give a detailed specific example, such as how epinephrine signals for rapid digestion of glycogen in liver cells.
- Can you please describe the role of G proteins in ligand-activated cellular signal transduction.Explain how a kinase cascade works. Why is this advantageous in the context of hormone signaling?Many malignant tumors are characterized by the activation of one or more growth-factor receptors. What is the catalytic activity associated with transmembrane growth factor receptors such as the EGF receptor?
- Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of thefollowing except(A) activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.(B) activation of protein kinase molecules.(C) activation of G protein-coupled receptors.(D) regulation of transcription by signaling molecules.The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by(A) dimerization and phosphorylation.(B) dimerization and IP3 binding.(C) a phosphorylation cascade.(D) GTP hydrolysis.What would be the effect of inhibiting the kinase?