Describe the usual changes in vital signs that result fromincreased ICP in early and later stages.

Q: Why should deficits of salt and water eventually be compensated for byingestion of these substances?

A: The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It consists of the renal…

Q: Define the following terms:a. postprandialb. postabsorptivec. ARCd. NPYe. POMC

A: a) Postprandial means after a meal.  This test is done to see how your body responds to sugar and…

Q: Describe the causes of goiter.

A: The hormone is known to be the biological messenger of the body. This is secreted from certain…

Q: Describe the incidence and early signs of adenocarcinomaof the kidney, bladder cancer, and Wilms’…

A: Renal cancer, bladder cancer, and Wilms tumors( Renal tumor) are some of the common cancer…

Q: Discuss the diagnostic significance of an elevated/decreased BUN level.

A: Protein is broken down in the liver & creates blood urea Nitrogen (BUN) . Liver releases BUN…

Q: Give a reason for the toxicity than can be caused by overdoses of lipid-soluble vitamins?

A: Vitamins are essential micronutrients for our body. They are need to maintain good mental health.…

Q: d. Explain why ketone bodies are formed in diabetes mellitus.

A: Benedict's test is used to detect sugar in the urine. Eight drops of urine are added to five…

Q: Describe the nutritional diets of a patient with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

A: THYROID It is a butterfly shaped gland which situated in front of the neck and produces the thyroid…

Q: How does insulin administration affect serumpotassium?

A: The hormone is known to be a chemical messenger in the biological system. They are secreted from…

Q: Describe the features of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A: It occurs as a result of exposure to high levels of cortisol.

Q: What are Diabetes Mellitus ? Define Glucose tolerance test ?

A: Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar.…

Q: Describe the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system.

A: hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system is the collection of NEURONS, lots of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine…

Q: What are the bad effects associated with HRT?

A: HRT is the hormone replacement therapy that allows the balance of the level of hormone, progesterone…

Q: Describe a common disorder that affects each part of thedigestive system.

A: The digestive system is the long tube that starts from the buccal cavity and ends in the anus. It is…

Q: List some possible causes of impotence.

A: Impotence is also known as erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction may be a sign that there is a…

Q: indicate the reason for the increase in the activity of pancreatic amylase and lipase in the blood…

A: The pancreas is a leaf-shaped organ associated with the digestive system. It has both an endocrine…

Q: Define the term (diabetic nephropathy)?

A: Diabetes is a metabolic condition that is caused due to the deficiency of the hormone insulin or due…

Q: Diagnosis of hypo and hypervitaminosis of vitamin B6 and its causes?

A: Pyridoxal 5’ phosphate (PLP) is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 is a…

Q: Walk through the steps of deglutition?

A: Swallowing or Deglutition is a method through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach. This…

Q: a. Describe how excessive fluid is lost from the body duringstrenuous exercise on a very hot day.…

A: Electrolytes are mineral elements found in the body that play an important role in the execution of…

Q: Compare between with examples and structures if present •Aspirin absorption (Mechanism and side…

A: Aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid, C9H8O4) is an ester of ethanoic acid and salicylic acid. Aspirin is…

Q: Explain why adequate nutrition and hydration may bedifficult to maintain in a person with…

A: Parkinson's disease refers to the lifelong condition in which the person's locomotion is affected.…

Q: List the signs and symptoms common to bothhyponatremia and hypernatremia and also any signs…

A: Blood is a fluid tissue that transports oxygen & nutrients to all parts of the body and it helps…

Q: Explain why healing could be delayed in individuals takingglucocorticoids over a long period of…

A: Glucocorticoids are a type of steroid hormone that belongs to the corticosteroids family.…

Q: Describe the major routes of parenteral administration.

A: It is possible to provide medicines to patients via the parenteral route, which involves injecting…

Q: State the clinical significance of the diagnostic serum enzymes (ALT, LDH, AST).

A: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) are enzymes secreted by the liver.…

Q: Explain why it is best to defer (if possible) any invasiveprocedures in leukemic patients, including…

A: Leukemia It is the malignant proliferations of blood forming tissues or hematopoietic cells in the…

Q: Define the type IV delayed reactions.

A: Hypersensitivity responses occur when the immune system overreacts to an antigen that would not…

Q: Name the disorder caused by deficency of insulin.

A: The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, the…

Q: Is acute tubular necrosis a prerenal or intrarenal cause?

A: Acute tubular necrosis is defined as damage to the tubular structure of the nephrons because of…

Q: Describe the effects of hyperaldosteronism.

A: The zona glomerulosa cells present in the cortex of the adrenal glands produce a mineralocorticoid…

Q: Describe the common degenerative effects of diabetesmellitus.

A: Diabetes mellitus It is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose or…

Q: a. Explain several mechanisms by which intestinalinfection can cause diarrhea.b. Explain how fluid…

A: Diarrhea is loose watery stools. It may acute, chronic or persistent. it is causes by, Bacterial…

Q: Mr. Gerome Fernando, a patient with hepatitis A, has elevate serum ammonium ion and glutamine…

A: Introduction- Hepatitis A is a type of Liver infection,  which is caused by hepatitis A virus, it…

Q: What are the maintreatments of diabetesmellitus?

A: Main aim in diabetes management is to keep blood glucose level as normal as possible. Another aim is…

Q: Q. The following androgen does not produce cholestatic jaundice as an adverse effect:

A: Cholestasis is defined as stagnation, or at least a marked reduction, in bile secretion and flow.…

Q: Briefly mention the mechanism of action of FSH.

A: In human body there are several biochemical reactions which is initiated by hormones. These hormones…

Q: Give the clinical significance of bleeding time

A: KEY WORDS :- Bleeding time - It is the time till bleeding or blood flows till its stop.

Q: Give reasons for the toxicity than can be caused by overdoses of lipid-soluble vitamins

A: Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. Their toxicity may pose a risk to normal body…

Q: Main clinical signs of acute adrenal failure are:A. Vomiting, diarrhoeaB. Loud breathing,…

A: Adrenal crisis can be defined as the potential lethal condition that is connected mainly with the…

Q: Explain why a young child taking prednisone(glucocorticoid) for chronic kidney inflammationis at…

A: We known that Corticosteroids are steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Some of the naturally occurring…

Q: Give a brief pathophysiology of diabetic kito acidosis.Including the signs and symptoms of DKA

A: Diabetic kito acidosis define as complication where the body produces excess blood acids…