Diagrammatically explain the phenomenon of counter current multiplication.

Q: Trace the biochemical electrical pathways that result in cardiac conduction

A: The collection of specialized cardiac myocytes located in the heart walls that send electrical…

Q: Given heart rate = 72 bpm, stroke volume = 70 mL, calculate cardiac output.

A: Stroke volume: All the blood from body enters into right atrium from where it is pumped into right…

Q: Discuss the regulation of cardiac output during exercise.

A: The cells are the primary unit of life. The cells form the tissues which collectively form an organ.…

Q: Draw a flow diagram illustrating the reflex compensation for hemorrhage

A: During acute blood loss, the blood volume gets reduced and results in decreased central venous…

Q: Interpret Ventricular tachycardias from ECG with graph

A: The function of the electrocardiogram(ECG) is to trace the electrical activity of the heart. In a…

Q: Pulse pressure is increased by

A: The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It is…

Q: Explain how the cross-sectional area of vessels (in cm2, range from 0 to 5000) affects the mean…

A: Blood Flow: It refers to the movement of blood though the vessels. The blood flows from arteries to…

Q: Explain two reasons why the heart is referred to as a double pump.

A: The circulatory system consists of the heart, the blood vessels and the blood. The heart is the…

Q: Explain the HMP shunt pathway and its significance

A: The HMP pathway is a metabolic pathway same as glycolysis. It is used for the generation of 5 carbon…

Q: What is meant by collateral flow?

A: There is a system for supplying oxygen-rich blood to each organ of our body. In the case of the…

Q: A person with a heart rate of 40 has no P waves but normal QRS complexeson the ECG. Explain?

A: PQRS are the heart waves, P wave shows the depolarisation and QRS impulse through ventricles.

Q: Draw a basic block diagram of oscillometric blood Pressure measurement setup and explain each block…

A: Oscillometric blood pressure is a blood pressure measurement device, where an oscillogram is…

Q: Explain differences between action potentials of cardiac muscle cells and those in nodal cells of…

A: On the surface of the heart, muscle fibers are arranged to form a fused interconnected mass termed a…

Q: Describe the Flank-Starling law in the heart.

A:

Q: If branch A is twice the length of branch B, what is true regarding the resistance in branch A…

A: The Poiseuille's law states that the flow of fluid is related to various factors including length…

Q: Does the improper electrode placement in ecg lead to waveform interference or weak/no signals? And…

A: The system of positioning and placement of leads for performing a 12-lead ECG is universal. This…

Q: Explain briefly pulse.

A: The closed circulatory system is a type of circulatory system in which blood flows inside the blood…

Q: What do you mean by double circulation? Represent it diagramatically.

A: DOUBLE CIRCULATION;-Blood passes through the heart twice per circuit....the right pump sends…

Q: can you please explain how to use this formula.  Mean Arterial Pressure(MAP)=CO x PR CO=SV x HR

A: The mean arterial pressure determines the average pressure at which blood through the arteries in…

Q: Interpret Long QT syndrome from ECG with graph

A: Long QT syndrome is related to heart. Heart is a vital organ that is primarily responsible for…

Q: Describe the electrical events of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG).

A: Electrocardiograms also called ECGs or EKGs is a simple diagnostic machine that check the…

Q: raw a ventricular muscle cell action potential in the figure below. Briefly describe the changes in…

A: Similar to skeletal muscle, the resting membrane potential of ventricular cells, is around -90…

Q: Give a brief account of the counter current mechanism.

A: Kidney is an important organ of the body. There are two pairs of kidney. It is located in the…

Q: Define pulse pressure and explain the physiological significance of this measurement.

A: Blood pressure is the driving force that allows the blood to flow through the blood vessels. Any…

Q: Define cardiac output and given numerical values compute the cardiac output

A: Cardiac output is a term which describes the amount of blood being pumped by the heart through the…

Q: What is the cardiac output of a person with a resting stroke volume of 60 mL and a heartbeat of 80…

A: Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute. Cardiac output= stroke volume×…

Q: are at or near equilibrium in the erythrocyte (one reaction)

A: The end product of glycolysis is the conversion of glucose into pyruvate. It is the 10 step process…

Q: Interpret Ventricular tachycardia from ECG with graph

A: ECG stands for electrocardiogram. It is a technique in which the cardiac action potentials of the…

Q: Using one type of dysrhythmia as an example, explain howcardiac output may be reduced.

A: The clinical condition involving abnormal speed rhythm of the heart refers to dysrhythmia. It is…

Q: In two to three paragraph, Discuss the importance of atresia.

A: Atresia is a condition in the body in which any type of passage in the body is blocked. Atresia can…

Q: In a normal EKG, in the pre- cordial leads (V leads) where should the normal 2 wave transition coour

A: One of the important steps in decoding associate electrocardiogram (EKG) is deciding the electrical…

Q: Explain double circulation with the help of diagram.

A: The circulatory system circulates the body fluid throughout the body for the transport of gases,…

Q: Interpret Bradyarrhythmias from ECG with graph

A: ECG stands for electrocardiogram. It is a technique in which the cardiac action potentials of the…

Q: Atrial fibrillation can be caused by wandering re-entrant circuits.  What does this mean?

A: Introduction Any valve in the heart can be damaged or diseased, resulting in valvular heart disease.…

Q: What volume is required for an injection if 500mg are ordered and stock ampules contain 250mg/ml?

A: An injection involves the use of a needle for the administration of medications into the tissue…

Q: Phase C of the ventricular action potential is due to which of the following? otential (mV)

A: Ca+2 influx

Q: The pulse rate is equal to the rate.

A: A pulse is defined because of the tactile arterial palpation of the oscillation (heartbeat) by…

Q: Interpret Atrial fibrillation from ECG with graph

A: Atria or atrium is one of the two types of chambers present in the heart. Heart is a vital organ…

Q: Knowing that a patient with chronic heart failure is using digoxin (digitalis) for more than 1 year,…

A: Digoxin is a medication that is commonly used to treat a variety of different heart conditions, such…

Q: dye along a linear portion of the vessel. a. Discuss how blood flow velocity can be measured using…

A: Blood flow rate and velocity are crucial factors in the analysis of vascular systems as well as in…

Q: You wanted to prepare a fish dish for your grandfather that he loves the dried salted Codfish. But…

A: Osmosis is the process where the solvent(water) moves towared a higher concerntration of solute…

Q: What is counter current mechanism?

A: Kidney is an important organ of the body. There are two pairs of kidney. It is located in the…

Q: Define bradycardia

A: Bradycardia is the condition related to the heart. Heart is one of the vital organs responsible for…

Q: Describe the mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides, such as digitalis.

A: Cardiac glycosides drugs example are digoxin and digitoxin.  These drugs are used in the treatment…

Q: Palpate main arterial pulses

A: The arterial pulse is the rapid extension of an artery caused by the expulsion of blood into the…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.