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Discuss the concept of apparent free space. What role does apparent free space play in the uptake of nutrient ions?
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- briefly explain nutrient density?Define nutrients, enumerate the two types of nutrients, and briefly explain the importance of nutrients in plants and animals. Define nutrient cycling and nutrient budget. How is nutrient cycling different from energy transfer?Why is energy required for nutrient transport? Give an example of a system that transports nutrients and describe what source of energy is used to move the nutrients into the cell. Why can’t most organisms use the nitrogen gas that is so prevalent in the atmosphere? How do these organisms acquire a usable form of nitrogen?
- List the six classes of nutrients, explaining thesignificance of each.If there was India Ink added to a culture of Paramecium caudatum, it would increase the average number of food vacuoles because India ink contains no sugar or nutrients and the formation of food vacuoles would be the first stage in the metabolic process when digesting nutrient-rich particles. What would be the observed effects on the number of food vacuoles over a duration of 30 minutes for different concentrations such as 1% (v/v), 10% (v/v), and 25% (v/v) of India ink?If there was India Ink added to a culture of Paramecium caudatum, it would increase the average number of food vacuoles because India ink contains no sugar or nutrients and the formation of food vacuoles would be the first stage in the metabolic process when digesting nutrient-rich particles. What would be the observed effects on the number of food vacuoles of different concentrations such as 1% (v/v), 10% (v/v), and 25% (v/v) of India ink? Will it change over a duration of 30 minutes?
- explain how protein turnover responds to a meal containing all macronutrients as well as in a state of starvation.Define what an “essential” nutrient is and explain how it differs from a “nonessential” nutrient.Identify the types of nutrients that can be used in cellular respiration. --For each category of nutrient, explain where (at which step) it enters cellular respiration.
- State and recognize the three basic nutritional needs an organism’s diet must satisfy. List the basic stages of nutrition. Predict how perturbations in the hormones leptin and ghrelin influence appetite. Use the concept of pressure to describe the movement of water and nutrients in plant xylem and phloem and blood in vertebrates. Trace the flow of a drop of blood through the four chambers of the heart, the great vessels, lungs, and the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) in the systemic circulation in healthy people and people with various malformations of the heart or great vessels. Distinguish between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Predict how perturbations in body posture or baroreceptors would affect homeostatic control of blood pressure.Differentiate the Kreb's cycle from Electronic Chain Transport, highlighting the ATP produced. How does different food sources undergoes either Kreb's cycle and Electronic Chain Transport.Give two reasons why it is important to control the rate offlow of chyme through the digestive tract.
