Economic Theory, however, identifies a series of factors or mechanisms that are capable in principle of generating either convergence or divergence. Theoretical models based on different assumptions about the existence or relative importance of such mechanisms can generate very different
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A: Monopolist A monopolist refers to a individual or a firm that controls and dominates a market for a ...
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- Suppose that all social programs simultaneously become more generous. In particular suppose thatthere is an increase in UI benefits of $500, and also an increase in welfare benefits of $500, whichare represented in the two-sided search model as payments to everyone who is not in the labor force.What will be the effects on• the unemployment rate, U ,• the vacancy rate, v,• the labor force, Q,• the number of firms, A,• aggregate output, Y , and• labor market tightness, j ≡ A/Q?Consider the possibility that government spending increases the amount of hours to be worked in a given time period, say by providing child care. Assume again that the initial amount of consumption and leisure are still just affordable after an increase in spending. How will an increase in government spending affect consumption, hours worked, output and welfare? [Hint: This exercise requires creatively reinterpreting how we apply our model to the data. Think about how we constructed the bounds on our labor/leisure model in terms of hours worked. Remem- ber our model does not have any sleep requirements built into it for instance.]Consider a one-period economy which experiences the destruction of some of the nation’s capital stock (say through a hurricane is de- stroyed). How should this effect equilibrium, consumption, output and labor supply? Now, let’s say the government tries to offset some of the declines in capital on output and hours worked by increasing govern- ment spending. What is the likely outcome of this policy intervention in terms of consumption? In our model, the affects of changes on wages are ambiguous because the income and substitution effects move in opposite directions. How do (many) macroeconomists deal with this ambiguity in terms of study- ing business cycle? How do economists resolve this ambiguity when studying long term economic development? Consider an economy with a straight line PPF. Show how an increase in government spending paid for by an increase in lump sum labor taxes affects outcomes. Do the same for an increase in government spending financed by a proportional income…
- Two main macroeconomic concerns are the problems of inflation andunemployment.a. What are the social costs of inflation? Explain TWO of them? b. What is natural rate of unemployment? Explain the TWO main causesof natural rate of unemployment. With reference specifically to ONEof these causes, suggest ONE practical government policy that reducesthe natural rate of unemployment.To determineThe impact of increased production without increased inflation.By tradtional rule-of-thumb, which of the following correctly identifies the dates of the most recent recession in the U.S.? a. Starting July 2019 and ending January 2021. O b. First and second quarters of 2022. c. Starting second quarter 2020. d. Third quarter 2022.
- Assume that an economy operates according to the sticky-wage model. The nominal wagewas set to make labor supply and labor demand equal when the expected price levelequaled 120 (as measured by the consumer price index).a. Use a graph of the labor market to illustrate what happens to the quantity oflabor employed if the actual price level over the time period when wages arestuck equals 110.b. Use a graph of the production function to illustrate how the quantity of outputproduced changes if the actual price level equals 110 when the expected pricelevel is 120.c. Given the unexpectedly low price level, will this economy be operating above,below, or at the natural rate?Suppose that all social programs simultaneously become more generous. In particular, suppose that there is an increase in UI benefits, and also an increase in welfare benefits, which are represented in the two-sided search model as payments to everyone who is not in the labor force. What will be the effects on the unemployment rate, the vacancy rate, the labour force, the number of active firms, the aggregate output, and the labour market tightness? Draw the two-sided search model diagrams and explain the results and economics intuitions. Imagine you need to explain the mechanisms to your friends who do not seem to have learned the two-sided search model, so you may need to start with introducing key economic concepts very clearly. (Hints: for simplicity, assume the case when there is a uniform payment p to each person not in the labour force, and an increase by p in the employment insurance benefit.)If an economy’s self-correcting mechanism worksslowly, should the government necessarily pursuean activist policy to eliminate unemployment? Why orwhy not?
- Use the macroeconomic policy objectives as a starting point: economic growth andincreasing employment, stable and low inflation, a sustainable balance of paymentsposition, and the reduction of inequality.o HINT: Consider what macroeconomic variables are used to measure these objectivesand which agencies keep records of these. Are they measured on a monthly,quarterly, or annual basis? How have they changed over the last months leading upto May 2022? What has been the impact of COVID and the recovery, if any? What elsecan you see or say about these variables? Have the Macroeconomic objectives beenmetStructural unemployment is sometimes said toresult from a mismatch between the job skills thatemployers want and the job skills that workers have.To explore this idea, consider an economy withtwo industries: auto manufacturing and aircraftmanufacturing.a. If workers in these two industries requiresimilar amounts of training, and if workers atthe beginning of their careers can choose whichindustry to train for, what would you expect tohappen to the wages in these two industries? Howlong would this process take? Explain.b. Suppose that one day the economy opens itselfto international trade and, as a result, startsimporting autos and exporting aircraft. Whatwould happen to the demand for labor in thesetwo industries?c. Suppose that workers in one industry cannot bequickly retrained for the other. How would theseshifts in demand affect equilibrium wages both inthe short run and in the long run?d. If for some reason wages fail to adjust to the newequilibrium levels, what would occur?Assume there are two countries: South Korea and the United States. South Korea grows at 4 and the United States grows at 1. For the sake of simplicity, assume they both start from the same fictional income level, 10,000. What will the incomes of the United States and South Korea he in 20 years? By how many multiples will each countrys income grow in 20 years?
