economy as a whole, depended on the effective demand for output. Explain what Keynes meant by the effective demand for output. Is this equilibrium level of employment always consistent with full employment? What would happen if wages fell due to unemployment? Elaborate.
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- Assume that an economy operates according to the sticky-wage model. The nominal wagewas set to make labor supply and labor demand equal when the expected price levelequaled 120 (as measured by the consumer price index).a. Use a graph of the labor market to illustrate what happens to the quantity oflabor employed if the actual price level over the time period when wages arestuck equals 110.b. Use a graph of the production function to illustrate how the quantity of outputproduced changes if the actual price level equals 110 when the expected pricelevel is 120.c. Given the unexpectedly low price level, will this economy be operating above,below, or at the natural rate?Consider a one-period economy which experiences the destruction of some of the nation’s capital stock (say through a hurricane is de- stroyed). How should this effect equilibrium, consumption, output and labor supply? Now, let’s say the government tries to offset some of the declines in capital on output and hours worked by increasing govern- ment spending. What is the likely outcome of this policy intervention in terms of consumption? In our model, the affects of changes on wages are ambiguous because the income and substitution effects move in opposite directions. How do (many) macroeconomists deal with this ambiguity in terms of study- ing business cycle? How do economists resolve this ambiguity when studying long term economic development? Consider an economy with a straight line PPF. Show how an increase in government spending paid for by an increase in lump sum labor taxes affects outcomes. Do the same for an increase in government spending financed by a proportional income…A proposal that is attracting increasing attention is a requirement that employers provide theirworkers with paid sick leave. This problem asks you to analyze the effects of such a policy on wages andemployment in normal times.a. How, if at all, would such a policy affect labor demand? (explain using MRP)b. How, if at all, would it affect labor supply? (explain using willingness to work)c. How, if at all, would the policy affect normal employment and the normal real wage (or is itnot possible to tell)? include graphs
- If the unemployment rate is 6% before a rise in government purchases, and if a rise in government purchases induces the typicalunemployed person to search 10% longer in the hopes of finding ahigh-paying government job, what will the unemployment rate beafter the rise in government purchases? Only consider the impactof this waiting-for-a-good-job effect.The college graduates of 2000 could hardly have asked for better luck. The unemployment ratedropped to 4.1 % in May 2000- roughly, the lowest level in a generation- and employers wereliterally scrambling for new hires. Starting salaries rose, many graduating seniors had numerousjob offers, and some firms even offered $10,000- $20,000 bonuses to students who signed thedotted line. Three years later, the job market for the Class of 2003 was rather different. U.S. economic growth had slowed to a crawl, and then to a halt. Companies that had stocked up on recent college grads in the tighter labour markets of 1998-2000 found themselves with more than they knew what to do with in 2002 and 2003. They were not eager to hire more. Bonuses and other “perks” disappeared; job offers became scarcer. With the unemployment rate around 6% in May and June of 2003, the job market was far from the worst ever. But it was nothing like the glory days of 2000. Discussion:(i) Briefly explain and justify…Consider an economy in which the marginal product of labour is given by MPN = A(150 − N), where N is the amount of labor used. The amount of labour supplied is given by 60 + 5(1 − t)w, where w is the real wage and t is the tax rate on labour income. (a) Suppose A = 2 and t = 20%. Calculate the equilibrium levels of real wage and employment. (b) Suppose that the economy experiences an adverse supply shock and A = 1. Everything else remains the same as before. Calculate the equilibrium levels of real wage and employment in this case. (c) Suppose that the government lowers the labour income tax by 50% following the adverse supply shock, i.e., A = 1 and t = 10%. Calculate the equilibrium levels of real wage and employment in this case. (d) Use the labour market diagram to illustrate the adjustments from the original equilibrium in part (a) to the equilibrium in part (b) and then the adjustments from the equilibrium in part (b) to the equilibrium in part (c). Explain the adjustments from…
- Part B Consider an economy that experiences an outflow of working age people and a decline in aggregatelabour supply as a result. Suppose the aggregate labour demand curve is not affected by this change.(a) Explain, with the aid of the labour-market-equilibrium diagram, how this will affect the equilibriumreal wage and the full-employment level of employment. (b) Explain, with the aid of three separate IS-LM-FE diagrams, how this will affect real output, realinterest rate and the general price level in three steps:(i) before the general price level adjusts;(ii) when the general price level is adjusting;(iii) after the price adjustment process is completed.Is the general price level increasing or decreasing during the price adjustment process? Explain theintuition of your answer with reference to the AD-AS framework.What happens to a country's levels of frictional , struc tural , and cyclical unemployment , as well as its labor brce participation rate, as a recession drags on for an extended period of time ?Suppose Chino is a closed economy. A large portion of the work force has joint astrong labor union. As such, the nominal wages of most workers are downwardrigid.Suppose most households lose their wealth in a recent clash of the stock market.How would the price and output level of Chino be affected in the short run?Explain by using the AD-AS model. Particularly, use the sticky-wage model ofaggregate supply to explain the magnitude of the effects on price and output.
- 4Consider a baseline long run equilibrium where output is 22 trillion dollars, and the price level is 100. Note: In the Long Run Steady State Equilibrium, Price expectation is the same as price level & unemployment is 5% or lower. None of these are guaranteed in the short run. Usually, short run equilibrium is called an underemployment equilibrium.Starting from the baseline, suppose COVID 19 hits this economy. If this disease only makes workers sick (everything else remaining constant) A Keynesian Macroeconomist proposes the use of a massive expansionary fiscal policy. Step 1) What will be the shape of the Phillips Curve (Upward / Downward/ Vertical/Horizontal). I want you to think about what variable is measured on the horizontal axis of the Phillips Curve Graph and what variable is measured in the Phillips Curve Vertical axis. Then tell us what it means to say that Phillips Curve is upward or downward sloping or vertical or horizontal Step 2) why did this policy create a…Two main macroeconomic concerns are the problems of inflation andunemployment.a. What are the social costs of inflation? Explain TWO of them? b. What is natural rate of unemployment? Explain the TWO main causesof natural rate of unemployment. With reference specifically to ONEof these causes, suggest ONE practical government policy that reducesthe natural rate of unemployment.1. An economy's firms produce goods along the Cobb-Douglas production function: Y = A * K^0.5 * L^0.5 For it, the marginal product of a worker is MPL = 0.5 * A * K^0.5 / L^0.5, in which K = 16 Workers bargain for wage by looking at the rate of unemployment and inflationary surpise: w = 2 * EP/P *L^0.5 K = 16. The economy is in equilibrium at EP=P=1 and A=9. In it, the number of workers is L=9 and the wage is =6. Now, thanks to temporarily abundant oil, the productivity changed from A=9 to A=16. Find the new equilibrium number of workers. 2. Find the new equilibrium wage at A=16. 3. Graph the change in the labor market equilibrium. Mark the before and after equilibria with E0 and E1. Label axes and curves, map relevant values onto axes.