Energy-consuming active transport is used to move protons in all of the following directions except: from the mitochondrial matrix, across the mitochondrial cristae, into the intermembrane space B. from the extracellular fluid, across the plasma membrane, into the Halobacterium halobium cytosol C. from the cytosol of plant cells, across the vacuolar membrane, into the central vacuole D. from the cytosol of skeletal muscle cells, across the plasma membrane, into the extracellular fluid from the chloroplast stroma, across the thylakoid membrane, into the thylakoid space

Energy-consuming active transport is used to move protons in all of the following directions except: from the mitochondrial matrix, across the mitochondrial cristae, into the intermembrane space B. from the extracellular fluid, across the plasma membrane, into the Halobacterium halobium cytosol C. from the cytosol of plant cells, across the vacuolar membrane, into the central vacuole D. from the cytosol of skeletal muscle cells, across the plasma membrane, into the extracellular fluid from the chloroplast stroma, across the thylakoid membrane, into the thylakoid space

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Description: Energy-consuming active transport is used to move protons in all of the following directions except:from the mitochondrial matrix, across the mitochondrial cristae, into the intermembrane spaceB. from the extracellular fluid, across the plasma membra

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter2: Cell Physiology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10RE: Using the answer code on the right, indicate which form of energy production is being described: 1....

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Energy-consuming active transport is used to move protons in all of the following directions except: A. from the mitochondrial matrix, across the mitochondrial cristae, into the intermembrane space B. from the extracellular fluid, across the plasma membrane, into the Halobacterium halobium cytosol C. from the cytosol of plant cells, across the vacuolar membrane, into the central vacuole D. from the cytosol of skeletal muscle cells, across the plasma membrane, into the extracellular fluid E. from the chloroplast stroma, across the thylakoid membrane, into the thylakoid space
Electron transfer translocates protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the external medium, establishing a pH gradient across the inner membrane (outside more acidic than inside). The tendency of protons to diffuse back into the matrix is the driving force for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. During oxidative phosphorylation by a suspension of mitochondria in a medium of pH 7.4,pH 7.4, the measured pH of the matrix is 7.7. Calculate [H+] in the external medium and in the matrix under these conditions. a)[H+]in the matrix: b)What is the outside‑to‑inside ratio of [H+]? c)What is the free‑energy change inherent in this concentration difference across the membrane? (Assume a temperature of 25 °C.25 °C.)
The maintenance of a proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane is crucial for continued ATP production. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the inner membranes of certain cells contain proteins, called uncoupling proteins, that are capable of transporting protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. Why would mitochondria contain transporters that essentially waste energy potential in the proton gradient?
The proton motive force is a result of ________. the flow of protons within the inner mitochondrial membrane a combination of an electrical potential and a chemical potential the flow of electrons from the matrix to the inner membrane space all of the above Oxidative phosphorylation requires all of the items listed below except... a terminal electron acceptor which is O2 in mitochondria. a matrix more positively charged than the intermembrane space. the flow of electrons from NADH and QH2 in the membrane. enzyme complexes embedded in a membrane. ATP synthase in the correct position in the membrane
Electron transfer translocates protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the external medium, establishing a pH gradient across the inner membrane (outside more acidic than inside). The tendency of protons to diffuse back into the matrix is the driving force for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. During oxidative phosphorylation by a suspension of mitochondria in a medium of pH 7.3, the pH of the matrix has been measured as 7.6. (a) Calculate [H+] in the external medium and in the matrix under these conditions. (b) What is the outside-to-inside ratio of [H+]? Comment on the energy inherent in this concentration difference (just the energy from the concentration gradient, not the electrochemical potential). Assume this a mammalian system, so the temperature is constant at 37oC). (c) Calculate the number of free protons in a respiring liver mitochondrion, assuming its inner matrix compartment is a sphere of diameter 1.6 microns. (volume of a sphere is 4/3 pi r3 )
It has taken considerable amounts of research to establish the number of protons pumped across the mitochondrial membrane at the various stages of electron transport.Would you expect to encounter difficulties in determining thenumber of protons pumped in electron transport across the thylakoid membrane? Why or why not?
Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP using the reducing power of [NADH, FADH2 or malate] to move electrons down a series of carriers to ultimately produce a [phosphate gradient or protons gradient] across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used by ATP synthase to make ATP. ATP synthase harnesses the energy stored in both [charge and concentration gradients or electostatic and van der waals interations] to achieve high energy phosphate bond synthesis. If the ion gradient across the inner membrane is dissipated by the expression of UCP1, ATP is not synthesized and [heat is generated or electron transport is blocked]. The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is [oxygen or carbon dioxide] with water as a product.
The ATP synthase F1 of mitochondrial inner membranes sticks into the ________ and the ________ conformation of the active site catalyzes ATP synthesis. A. matrix; loose B. intermembrane space; open C. matrix; tight D. intermembrane space; tight E. matrix; open
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation? A. Oxidative phosphorylation requires the enzyme complexes to be soluble in the mitochondrial matrix. B. If the proton gradient is too high, electrons will not move through the ETC. C. The movement of electrons down the ETC only happens if protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. D. Oxidative phosphorylation requires the mitochondrial intermembrane space to be more positively charged than the matrix. E. The free energy of the proton gradient can be used to create high energy bonds.
Where is ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation? (where is it located immediately after the moment of synthesis) Group of answer choices the mitochondrial matrix the cytoplasm the intermembrane space the inner mitochondrial membrane Which of the following most readily donates electrons? (strongest reducing agent) Group of answer choices NADH NAD+ Ubiquinone lactate Protons first enter ATP synthase through which subunit? Group of answer choices β c γ a
Cyanide is a toxic substance. Cyanide is a cytochrome coxidase enzyme that is competitive. The last enzyme of the electron transport chain in mitochondria is cytochrome c oxidase. One of the most common substrates for cytochrome c oxidase is oxygen. Would an increase in the concentration of oxygen affect the inhibitioncaused by cyanide? How would conditions in the mitochondrial intermembrane spacechange if cytochrome c oxidase and the electron transport chain are notfunctioning properly. .Explain why this change in conditions will be harmful to a cell.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation? (Only one answer applies) A. Oxidative phosphorylation requires the enzyme complexes to be soluble in the mitochondrial matrix. B. If the proton gradient is too high, electrons will not move through the ETC. C. The movement of electrons down the ETC only happens if protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. D. Oxidative phosphorylation requires the mitochondrial intermembrane space to be more positively charged than the matrix. E. The free energy of the proton gradient can be used to create high energy bonds.