Explain the actions of each of the following that make them virulencefactors:a. hemolysins b. leukocidin c. kinases d. hyaluronidase e. coagulase

Q: Identify which of the following immune responses is pivotal to the killing and elimination of…

A: The helminths are a type of parasite that has a worm-like structure. They survive by feeding on the…

Q: The influenza virus produces a protein that degrades interferon. How does this increase its…

A: Some viruses like influenza virus escape the anti-viral activities of interferons by gene (and thus…

Q: Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developed mechanisms that prevent them…

A: Pathogens have developed several methods to evade the immune mechanisms of the host. Evasion of the…

Q: Which of the following involves pseudopods?

A: Answer: PSEUDOPODS = These are also called pseudopodium , which are motile , temporary arm like…

Q: What is the expected result if a compromised person is exposed to a true pathogen?

A: The term 'immuno-compromised' refers to the condition of an individual whose immune defenses are…

Q: The process in which antibodies attach to antigens,causing the formation of masses of linked cells,…

A: Answer is c.)  agglutination.

Q: Describe the factors that affect virulence/ pathogenicity

A: A microbe that is capable of causing disease is referred to as a pathogen. Pathogenicity is the…

Q: Although interferons have several effects, they are particularly useful against infections with…

A: Answer is b.)  viruses.

Q: Two antibodies, one is IgM and the other is IgG, both can bind to the same epitope. Which of the…

A: IgM and IgG are two very important antibodies. IgM is the first antibody to appear in response to…

Q: Bacterial capsules a. kill phagocytes b. prevent engulfment by phagocytes  c. prevent the…

A: The capsule is referred to as a pathogenicity since it increases bacteria's potential to produce…

Q: SARS-CoV-2 was shown to be transmissible even when the carrier has no symptoms. How did this…

A: SARS virus is a positive strand RNA virus and belongs to coronavirus family.

Q: The main effect of staphylococcal protein A is toa) interfere with phagocytosis.b) enhance the…

A: Answer is b.) enhance the attachment of the Fc portion of antibody to phagocytes.

Q: Which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea?a. lacrimation b. ciliary lining c.…

A: A pathogen is an organism that causes disease. Generally, the term pathogen is used to describe an…

Q: All of the following can be side effects of antimicrobialagents EXCEPT:(a) “Superinfections” can…

A: use, misuse, and abuse of antimicrobial agents has led to an increase in the population of…

Q: A/an __________ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens.a. zoonosis b. biological vector c.…

A: A vector is a living animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another. The vector…

Q: The pathogenesis of food allergy involves:       a)  The production of immunoglobulin G to…

A: The immune system is a control network of organs and immune cells that detect and kill foreign…

Q: What is the clinical significance of coagulase product ion? a. Phagocytes produce coagulase to fight…

A: Coagulase is the enzyme that helps in blood coating. Coagulase is not to fight infection. First…

Q: Kinase and coagulase are important for bacterial infections because they enable bacteria to move…

A: The most common staphylococcal infections are Skin infections, often causing abscesses However, the…

Q: /hich factor can affect the distribution of a toxicant in the body? A Blood flow to the tissue B…

A: 23.Heavy metals can build up in the liver, brain, kidneys, and heart once they've entered the body.…

Q: . Antibodies of the IgA class are probably more prevalent thanthose of the IgG class. Explain this…

A: Immunoglobulins or antibodies are glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. These are Y shaped…

Q: Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developedmechanisms that prevent them…

A: Macrophages are the type of immune cells that kills the foreign pathogens or particles by engulfing…

Q: Injectable products must be endotoxin-free.  true or false?

A: Endotoxin is a type of pyrogen and is component of the exterior cell wall of Gram negative bacteria…

Q: Absence of which clotting factor leads to Hemophilia-A? a) Factor VII b) Factor VIII c) Factor IX d)…

A: Introduction :- Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder characterised by a deficiency in the blood…

Q: The is the time that lapses between encounter with a pathogenand the first symptoms.a. prodrome b.…

A: Pathogen A pathogen is a foreign particle that can invade a host body and can cause infections. The…

Q: Which reaction requires complement?a. hemagglutination b. precipitation c. hemolysis d. toxin…

A: The complement system is made up of a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one…

Q: Select a factor or factors that favor the invasion and growth ofPseudomonas aeruginosa in the…

A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and cause nosocomical infections. It is a gram…

Q: _____________-is an example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulateschemotaxis.a. Endotoxin b.…

A: If there is an injury in the cell in response to specific chemical responses the white blood cells…

Q: Explain why a person whose blood test shows an abnormallylow leukocyte count should be given an…

A: *A person whose blood test shows an abnormally low leukocyte count is considered immunocompromised…

Q: Patients with a history of tuberculosis often show scars and other lesions in the lungs and…

A: Tuberculosis is considered a contagious infection in the lungs, caused by a bacteria called…

Q: Septic shock is life - threatening condition caused by an overwhelming

A: Septic shock- it is a condition sometimes occurs  in severe sepsis, in which the blood pressure…

Q: Pathogenic infections induce damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms. While many mechanisms…

A: An immune response is a process that takes place inside an organism to protect it from foreign…

Q: Which statements are an example of a virulence factor? Mark those that are example.

A:

Q: Explain the process of Quorum Sensing in coordinating the production of virulence factors in a host.

A: Quorum Sensing is a process of communication between two cells through which bacteria are able to…

Q: Describe an immunodeficiency that a person could have that would cause the immune system to select…

A: Our body, has a natural fighting tendency to eradicate all the foreign substances or germs that has…

Q: Blood serum isoenzyme analysis can be used to

A: Introduction: The several kinds of an enzyme which catalyzes the same reaction are known as…

Q: List the key characteristics of an adaptive immune response and describe the process the adaptive…

A: Adaptive Immunity is mediated by T cells and B cells. It is most commonly referred to as acquired…

Q: Widespread immunity that protects the population from the spread ofdisease is calleda.…

A: Immunity is the state of being protected from foreign antigens and infections. It is basically…

Q: A few weeks after taking antibiotics for strep throat, a child is brought back to the pediatrician…

A: The bacteria that cause strep throat are members of the Group A streptococcus family. A sore throat…

Q: Antiphagocytic factors produced by microorganisms include all of the following EXCEPT a.…

A: Bacteria are microscopic organisms which belong to prokaryote because these are unicellular…

Q: In this image, the bacteria in circles 1 and 4 is demonstrating: presence of catalase presence of…

A: Slide tests are used for detecting the presence or absence of different types of microorganisms in…

Proteins

We generally tend to think of proteins only from a dietary lens, as a component of what we eat. However, they are among the most important and abundant organic macromolecules in the human body, with diverse structures and functions. Every cell contains thousands and thousands of proteins, each with specific functions. Some help in the formation of cellular membrane or walls, some help the cell to move, others act as messages or signals and flow seamlessly from one cell to another, carrying information.  

Protein Expression

The method by which living organisms synthesize proteins and further modify and regulate them is called protein expression. Protein expression plays a significant role in several types of research and is highly utilized in molecular biology, biochemistry, and protein research laboratories.