All of the following can be side effects of antimicrobialagents EXCEPT:(a) “Superinfections” can occur with new pathogens whendefensive capacity of normal flora is destroyed(b) Host toxicity(c) Disruption of normal microflora in host(d) Host allergic reaction(e) Host “superimmunity”

Q: Based on class data only, which antimicrobial has the broadest spectrum? Which one has the narrowest…

A: An antimicrobial is an agent that kills or stops the growth of micro-organism. Antimicrobial…

Q: List two features limiting the adaptation of nonvascularplants.

A: Non vascular plants are those plants which do not have vascular system, they lack of xylem and…

Q: which antimicrobial drugs are produced naturally?

A: Antimicrobial drugs produced naturally are Biofilms. Biofilm is assemblage of surface -associated…

Q: common neutralizing agents and methods used to inactivate the innate antimicrobial activity of a…

A: The antimicrobial agent is widely used by the medicinal industry to treat the infection. The…

Q: How does toxin neutralization occur? Viral neutralization?

A: Microbial toxins are poisonous substances  synthesized by the microorganisms which demonstrate a…

Q: How might IRA B cells prevent bacterial sepsis?

A: Innate response activator B cells are a subset of B-1a derived B cells that produce the growth…

Q: Describe the major anatomical and biochemical barriers to infection?

A: Infection refers to the invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses,…

Q: Correlate host protection from microbial invasion with specific mediators

A: The immune system generates innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is activated when the body…

Q: What is a goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

A: Microbes are the tiny organisms that are present all over the globe.

Q: How could colony-stimulating factors be used as a therapy?

A: colony-stimulating factors are used as a  many therapies :

Q: How to avoid bacterial resistant?

A: Antibiotic resistance is on the rise. Many bacteria that are commensals have also become resistant…

Q: List five cellular or structural mechanisms that microbes use to resist antimicrobials.

A: The organisms that are not observed by unaided eyes are the microorganisms. These may be…

Q: Construct at table to compare and contrast the 5 steps of microbial pathogenesis. How does…

A: Microbial pathogenesis is the ability of microbes, or their components, to cause infection in a host…

Q: What is the relationship between the superantigens of S. aureus and the organism’s production of…

A: Staphylococcus aureus is a round-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium. It causes a range of illnesses. It…

Q: What is the outcome of the use of antimicrobials?

A: There are a variety of microbes present in the environment. Microbes can be bacteria, viruses,…

Q: How do the cytochrome P450 proteins affect drug responses?Give two examples.

A: Cytochrome P450  is an enzyme.

Q: Name three types of antimicrobial proteins.

A: Antimicrobial proteins are the polypeptide that causes the destruction of bacteria. They are a part…

Q: What are the five different ways by which chemotherapeutic agents kill or damage bacterial pathogen?

A: Chemotherapeutic agents include  certain types of drugs that are anti cancerous and usually…

Q: Explain an example of antimicrobial peptides.

A: Introduction: Antimicrobial peptides are the peptides produced by the host as a defence against…

Q: Can host-cell defense molecules be mobilized by drugs to fight infection?

A: Defense mechanism in a human body is divided into two main categories: Innate (the defense mechanism…

Q: Why are gram-positive bacteria typically more resistant than gram-negative bacteria to…

A: Bacteria are found everywhere. They can survive almost every where including bottom of oceans, our…

Q: What are natural activeimmunization and artificialactive immunization?

A: Immunity refers to every mechanism of the body that helps to protect the body from harmful foreign…

Q: Differentiate between the following and provide one example broad- and narrow-spectrum…

A: The antimicrobial drugs are the agents that inhibit the growth of micro-organisms and kill them. It…

Q: What is the basis of determining a microorganism in being susceptible or resistant to a specific…

A: Microorganisms are tiny living creatures that are not visualized by the naked eye. They should be…

Q: What are two reasons microbes will produce toxins?

A: Introduction :- Toxins produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, protozoa,…

Q: Match the antimicrobial drug to its action. 1. Erythromycin A. Inhibits cell wall synthesis 2.…

A: In the following table the Antimicrobials have been matched with their actions: Antimicrobial…

Q: What characteristics make a pathogen or its productsparticularly useful as a biological weapon?

A: A biological weapon as the term suggests is the weapon that includes microorganisms and it is…

Q: What is the relationship between antimicrobial and antibiotics?

A: Antibiotics are agents or durgs that is used to treat all type of bacterial infections. While…

Q: How can drug resistance in microorganisms be circumvented?

A: The uselessness of a treatment, such as an antibiotic or antineoplastic, for curing a disease or…

Q: All of the following are characteristics of defensins except:     A. There are two classes of…

A: Plants are exposed to different variety of pests and pathogens in nature. It has developed various…

Q: Why do most antibacterial drugs not destroy human cells?

A: Antibiotic A chemical substance that inhibits the growth of microorganism by altering the…

Q: Match the antimicrobial drug class to its action. 1. Macrolides A. Inhibit cell wall synthesis 2.…

A: Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance…

Q: describe four modes of action of antimicrobial agents, and give a specific example of how each works

A:

Q: What are some of the disadvantages of using natural penicillin for treatment of infections?

A: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that control or inhibit the growth of microorganisms,…

Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?

A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…

Q: differentiate desease from infection. differentiate virulence from pathogenicity.

A: This is a classical difference question in biology and in based on microbiology

Q: What bacterial structural target would make an antibacterial drug selective for gram-negative…

A: The gram-negative bacteria don't retain the crystal violet stain that's why called gram-negative.

Q: Which HDAC inhibitors are used as anticancer agents?

A: Histone deacetylase(HDAC)  Inhibitors are a class of anti cancer agents that induces apoptosis…

Q: Which of the following groups of antimicrobial drugs selectively targets bacterial cell wall…

A: Antibiotics are the medicines which are used to cure infections which are caused by bacteria. These…

Q: To keep antibiotic resistance to a minimum, would it be better to use a broad spectrum antibiotic or…

A: Microorganisms can be killed in many ways such as using Sterilization, Pasteurization by using high…

Q: What is passive immunisation?

A: Immunity is the ability of an organism to fight with the diseases. Any foreign organism or particle…

Q: isolating a suspected agent in a sick individual that is absent in a healthy individual is…

A: Answer: Introduction: Robert Koch is a German Physician established four postulates for causative…

Q: If an infectious agent is sensitive to several antimicrobial drugs, what other considerations might…

A: Any compound that inhibits the growth of microorganisms or kills them is called as antimicrobial.…

Q: what are pathogen?

A: The microorganisms on the earth exist in different forms, shapes, sizes, and in a diverse range of…