Pathogenic infections induce damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms. While many mechanisms are direct effects of the pathogen, some damaging mechanisms result from the immune response to the infection.  Examples of damage caused by the host immune response are: a) Exotoxin production, endotoxin b) Cell-mediated inmunity, direct cytopathic effect c) Endotoxin, inmmunune complexes d) Direct cythopathic effect, endotoxin e) Cell-mediated inmunity, inmmunune complexes

Q: Which cells are recruited from the bloodstream to the connective tissue (under the respiratory…

A: Macrophages cells are responsible from the blood stream to connective tissue to phagocyte the viral…

Q: How can particles so small, simple, and seemingly insignificant be capable of causing disease and…

A: Viruses are the smallest of all the microbes.  They are unique because they are only alive and able…

Q: What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A: A pathogen is bacteria, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease

Q: What is the symptom-free period of a disease called?

A: Producing only a few, mild symptoms, disease is paucisymptomatic. Symptoms appearing later, after an…

Q: Describe the major anatomical and biochemical barriers to infection?

A: Infection refers to the invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses,…

Q: How does knowing the anatomical location of normal microbiota help clinicians diagnose infection?

A: NORMAL MICROBIOTA:- Normal flora local flora of the human body present at several places like on the…

Q: Explain three reasons why infection may not occur after microorganisms enter the body? Solve it.

A: Infection is the result of foreign organism in the body. The route of transmission of microorganisms…

Q: in order for a bacterial pathogen to colonise a host epithelial cell surface, which set of potential…

A: Introduction   Microorganisms develop or secrete some factors that can evoke pathogenicity in the…

Q: What do pathogenesis related proteins and phytoalexins have in common? How do they differ?

A: Pathogenesis related (PR) protein – These proteins are produced by plant in the event of pathogen…

Q: How Virulence Factors Contribute to Tissue Damage?

A: Virulence factors refer to the molecules generated by pathogens such as viruses, fungi, protozoa,…

Q: Why are gram-positive bacteria typically more resistant than gram-negative bacteria to…

A: Bacteria are found everywhere. They can survive almost every where including bottom of oceans, our…

Q: What is meant by an opportunistic pathogen?

A: A pathogen is a disease-causing organism. Microbes are found in abundance in the body. These…

Q: For each of the following: Cyanobacteria, Coronavirus, Chytrids, Ciliates, and Chronic wasting…

A: Various microbes, have various mechanisms of invading the body of the individuals. Some affect…

Q: Which pathogen is most likely to be treated with antibiotics?

A: Antibiotics are a particular type of medicine that helps stop infections caused by bacteria. They…

Q: Define the term opportunism, illustrating your answer with two contrasting examples of organisms…

A: When a microbe penetrates a person's body and harm, it is called an infection. The microbe survives,…

Q: Describe typical, local, and systemic signs of infection.

A: Infection is the multiplication of the microorganisms in the body. There are mainly four types of…

Q: Name and describe two substances in wounds to which pathogens attach.

A: When a pathogen invades the body lymphocytes are capable of producing antibodies. These antibodies…

Q: How are acute, chronic, and latent infections different from one another?

A: Acute infection are those infections which occur in a relatively short time (rapid onset) (like in…

Q: What are the genetic and molecular features that differ between pathogens and members of the normal…

A: The phrase "ordinary microbiota" alludes to the microorganisms that live on a superficial level and…

Q: At what body sites do pathogens typically attach and colonize?

A: Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or…

Q: Why are some pathogens more noticeable than others?

A: A pathogen is an organism that causes disease in its host, with virulence referring to the intensity…

Q: In both C. difficile–associated disease and bacterial vaginosis, the disease begins when the normal…

A: Intestinal microflora act as a primary line of defense against exogenous microbe invasion, and thus…

Q: Where along the chain of infection can we, as medical care providers, easily break to reduce the…

A: The chain of infection is an infection process that starts when the agent leaves the reservoir…

Q: What term is used to describe the unique molecules found onthe surface of different pathogens?

A: Step 1 Pathogens are disease-causing organisms or parasites. Pathogens have a specific point of…

Q: What is the meaning of infective stage, pathogenic stage and diagnostic stage?

A: Infectious biology deals with the pathogens and their mode of infection in the host and the diseases…

Q: Which cells are recruited from the bloodstream to the connective tissue (under the respiratory…

A: The human immune system contains many different types of phagocytic cells such as neutrophils,…

Q: Give an example of preventing infection for each element of the infection chain ?

A: Infection It is the process of interaction that occurs between pathogens and susceptible host. There…

Q: Our environment contains masses of microorganisms, many of which reside as commensal organisms on…

A: There are various kinds of interactions between the different organisms in the ecosystem in order to…

Q: What is the pathogenesis of ALL?

A: ALL is the type of leukemia and its full form is acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is the most common…

Q: How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis gain access through that preferred portal of entry Explain how…

A: Microbes, which are tiny and nearly invisible, have had a huge influence on society since the…

Q: Explain the relationship between the infection chain and transmission of infection ?

A: All elements of the infection chain must be present for an infection to occur. Transmission is a…

Q: What is the normal bacterial flora? What is its role in defense?

A: Introduction :- A population of bacteria that lives on or in the body and has a special ecological…

Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?

A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…

Q: In this case, bacteria were introduced to the patient’s muscles through an injection. How else might…

A: The infection of bone and muscles are relatively rare because they are present deep inside the body.…

Q: How toxin mechanism causes the result from exposure to the toxin?

A: Toxin : The naturally found organic poison synthesized via metabolic activities of the living…

Q: differentiate  between a viral infection and a bacterial infection?

A: Living organisms that are not visible to human eye but can be observed under a suitable microscope…

Q: Why are pathogenic disease referred to as transmissible disease?

A: The condition of complete well-being of social, physical, and mental condition is termed as health.…

Q: What are pathogens?

A: Communicable diseases or infectious diseases are the one which gets spread from one individual to…

Q: How long does a bacterial infection last without antibiotics?

A: Most of the bacterial infections are localized and remain in the specific body part without…

Q: Differentiate among lytic infection, latent infection, chronic infection,and transformation.

A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…