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- Explain the activation of the protein kinase, c-raf, in response to growth factor receptor activation
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- Explain why in cells that are genetically NF1–/–, basal levels of GTP-bound activated Ras are higher than normal and respond to growth factor stimulation by increasing rapidly to far higher levels.Discuss the family of nuclear hormone receptors and explain how ligand binding to such a receptor can result in changes in gene expressionThe output of RTK pathways is often the activation of MAP Kinase. Explain how MAPK can lead to activation of a specific subset of proteins, leading to distinct effects in different cell types in response to the same growth signal.
- Describe the concept of a stress activated signaling pathway using an example from the lectures. Explain the role of sensors, transduction pathways, transcription factors and cis-Elements.Many malignant tumors are characterized by the activation of one or more growth-factor receptors. What is the catalytic activity associated with transmembrane growth factor receptors such as the EGF receptor?How would a mutation in ras that leads to formation of a Ras proteinwith no GTPase activity affect a cell’s response to insulin?
- What is the first step in growth factor pathway activation?Even though GRB2 lacks intrinsic enzyme activity, it is an essential component of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway that activates MAP kinase. What is the function of GRB2?EGF signals by binding to cell surface EGF receptors. Which of these observations, if true, would BEST explain EGF’s mechanism of action? A. EGF is hydrophilic and can easily diffuse through the cell membrane B. EGF is hydrophobic and can easily diffuse through the cell membrane C. EGF is hydrophilic and cannot diffuse through the cell membrane D. EGF is hydrophobic and cannot diffuse through the cell membrane
- Describe the function of the PTEN phosphatase in the PI-3 kinase signaling pathway. Why does a loss-of-function mutation in PTEN promote cancer? Predict the effect of constitutively active PTEN on cell growth and survival.Put the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP Map Kinase is Phosphorylated Map Kinase enters the nucleusDescribe the mechanisms that limit signaling by the phosphoinositide pathway.