Explain the concept of a molecular clock and its use in dating a phylogenetic tree.

Q: Explain how a cladogram is used to visualize phylogeny.

A: Cladogram It refers to phylogeny, which is a diagram that depicts a possible relationship between…

Q: Compare and contrast phylogenetic tree vs cladogram

A: Evolution and phylogeny are two words that has close relations, which help to depict connections and…

Q: Illustrate the Phylogenetic tree of human ancestor and what inferences can you draw from…

A: According, the evolutionary history, and relationship of an organism or group of organisms are…

Q: Compare and contrast the approaches of cladistics and phenetics for making phylogenetic trees.

A: A phylogenetic tree depicts the evolutionary relationship between the organisms and it is based on…

Q: What is the purpose of using an “outgroup” when reconstructing a phylogenetic tree? (Write 4 points)

A: The outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the ingroup and specifically allows for the…

Q: Draw a simple phylogenetic tree and identify a node, a branch, and an outgroup.

A: Phylogenetic tree is a diagrammatic representation of evolutionary relation between various species…

Q: Describe how changes in chromosome structure and number are associated with molecular evolution.

A: Molecular evolution is a process in which alterations in the sequence components of chromosomes…

Q: a) What is a phylogenetic tree? b) What is a branch point? c) What are sister taxa? d) What is a…

A: Carolus Linnaeus proposed a scheme which became the basis for the taxonomy. Taxonomy is the branch…

Q: When reconstructing phylogenies, is it more useful to compare orthologous or paralogous genes?…

A: Generally, after a successful speciation event, orthologous genes were originated while there was a…

Q: Discuss the role of clades and derived characters in constructing phylogenetic trees

A: A phylogenetic tree can be defined as the diagram that represents the evolutionary relationship…

Q: Define horizontal gene transfer, and explain how it affects the relationships in phylogenetic trees.

A: Horizontal gene transfer is otherwise known as lateral gene transfer and the term suggests it is the…

Q: Compare the traditional and more recently proposed animal phylogenetic trees

A: Before advancements in studies, only morphological characteristics and fossil records could be used…

Q: Why is it so important for scientists to distinguish between homologous and analogous…

A: Phylogenetic tree is the pictorial representation of evolution of organisms from a common ancestor.…

Q: Differentiate phenetics from cladistics

A: A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram representing the evolutionary relationship between the…

Q: Compare phylogenetic trees created using DNA data with phylogenetic trees created using chromosomal…

A: Introduction :- Phylogenetic tree are the diagrammatic representation which tells about the…

Q: Distinguish between relative and absolute dating of fossils

A: Relative dating doesn't assign a fossil a specific age. Instead, it places the fossil into the…

Q: Explain the difference between traditional and molecular approaches to taxonomy.

A: All living organisms are classified based on their internal and external features. The science of…

Q: Describe the two methods that are used to identify similarity between species when creating…

A: A phylogenetic tree, otherwise called a phylogeny, is a diagram that portrays the lines of…

Q: Explain how the number of amino acid differences between homologous proteins can be used to…

A: A phylogenetic tree represents the evolutionary relations between the organisms. It also helps to…

Q: Explain the basis for the three-domain systems of classification.

A: The largest and broadest category of all groups in the classification of life is known as domain.

Q: Explain the basic techniques used to construct a phylogeny using e

A: Exponential growth of genome databases leads to phylogenetic trees to be widely used to test…

Q: Discuss how the principle of parsimony can be used in a cladistics approach to constructing a…

A: A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that is used in the study of the phylogeny. It is made of many…

Q: Apply the principle of parsimony to cladogram construction.

A: Introduction: Principle of parsimony distinguishes among other phylogenies and requires only that…

Q: Dolphins and fish have similar body shapes. Is this feature more likely a homologous or analogous…

A: The organisms are evolved throughout their life. For the identification of evolution in the nature…

Q: Why is it important for scientists to distinguish between homologous and analogous characteristics…

A: The evolutionary history indicating the relationship among a biological species or other species in…

Q: explain how genetic information along with an understanding of the process of descent with…

A: Phylogeny is the branch of evolutionary biology which deals with the construction of phylogenetic…

Q: Explain the concept of an evolutionary tree. Also, explain why it is significant.

A: Evolutionary tree, which is also known as phylogenetic tree, is a diagrammatic depiction of distinct…

Q: List the differences between distance-based and character-based methods for constructing a…

A: The phylogenetic tree represents a chart or diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship of…

Q: Compare and contrast the concepts of taxonomy, phylogeny, and cladistics. Explain the focus of each…

A: Biological classification is the process of grouping living organisms. It is done on the basis of…

Q: Describe how researchers analyze orthologs to construct phylogenetic trees.

A: Introduction: Phylogenetic tree also called an evolutionary tree is a branch-like pattern that…

Q: Explain the logic of using shared derived characters to infer phylogeny

A: Introduction  Evolution is the key process which regulates the survivability and continuity of…

Q: Encircle the Monophylethic group, Paraphyletic group and Polyphyletic group in the phylogenetic…

A: Monophyletic groups are typically characterized by the characteristics that are shared and…

Q: Describe some assumptions and limitations of molecular clocks.

A: The molecular clock is a term that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules for deducing the time in…

Q: Choose the statement that is incorrect. a. Phylogeny helps us study the spread of viruses through…

A: Phylogeny refers to the relationship between different groups of organisms and their evolution over…

Q: Explain what a phylogeny tree and what the nodes on it represent and why it is useful to biologists

A: Evolutionary relationships among group of organisms is represented through the phylogenetic tree.…

Q: Describe the difference between homologous and analogous similarities, and how you can tell if a…

A: Various  similarities in the organisms of different species such as presence of wings in birds,…

Q: Outline the general considerations used in building a phylogenetic tree

A: Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships between different groups of organisms by…

Q: Describe the process we use to infer the phylogenetic relationships of a set of living organisms.

A: It is a universally accepted theory that all the living organisms belonging to various phylums are…

Q: Explain the difference between maximum Parsimony and maximum likelihood, when used in computing…

A: A phylogenetic tree is one which demonstrates evolutionary relationships with a branching diagram of…

Q: Draw a concept map illustrating the differences between phenetic, phylogenetic, and genotypic…

A: Taxonomy is the classification, naming and defining of biological organisms into discrete groups…

Q: Explain what would happen if binomial system of nomenclature was not introduced.

A: Nomenclature is a science of giving names to the organisms. The names are distinct and proper that…

Q: Define the words biogeography, homology and molecular clock.

A: Evolutionary biology can be defined as history of life forms on the earth. Under evolutiotionary…

Q: Give the tree classifications of phylogenetic tree

A: A cladogram defines the way species are related by descent from one common ancestor. Classification…

Q: Some organisms that appear very closely related on a phylogenetic tree may not actually be closely…

A: A phylogenetic tree can be defined as the evolutionary tree which consists of branching. It is a…

Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.