Particle Theory of Light
The particle theory of light was the proposal made by Newton in 1704 in his treatise Opticks. This is the most basic light theory, in which light is thought to be made up of microscopic particles known as "corpuscles" and that's why this particle theory of light is also named as Corpuscular theory of light.
Stopping Potential
In an experiment conducted by Heinrich Hertz, an apparatus was made where the incident light was made to fall on the metallic plate, it was discovered that metals emit electrons. The surface electrons are bound to metals with a minimum amount of energy and some of the incident photos enter the surface, they undergo collision with the atoms of the metal, they get absorbed and emit energy to an election, making it photoelectron, where the collision between the photons and electrons ejects the electrons out of the metal and with a negatively charged electron, causes photocurrent and when this current passes it creates an electric field where there is a potential difference at the output due to the anode and cathode of the electrode of the apparatus. This study involves the theory of Quantum physics and electromagnetism involving electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic wave theory.
Quantization of Charges
An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle either attached to an an atom or sticks to the nucleus of the atom. Electrons exert the negative charge that tries to balance the positive charge of the nucleus.
1. . Optical fibers have many uses in
a) Generally explain how an optical fiber works to transmit light efficiently.
b) Find the minimum angle for total reflection in an optical fiber if the index of refraction of the cladding is 1.400 and the index of refraction of the core is 1.600.
c) The optical fiber described can detect 10 amol of O2 in a volume of 100 fL. What is the concentration of this solution in molarity?
![25 μη
10 um
COLOR PLATE 25 Oxygen Optode (Section 20-4) (a) Sensor
prepared from a 100-um-diameter optical fiber. The active layer at
the end contains tris(1,10-phenanthroline)Ru(I) chloride dissolved
in polyacrylamide that is covalently bound to the fiber. Light from
the fiber excites the Ru compound, which emits characteristic orange-
red light that is collected with a microscope. When immersed in a
sample containing O, emission is decreased. The decrease is a
measure of O, concentration. (b) An optode with a submicrometer
tip pulled from a larger fiber. This fiber can detect 10 amol of Oz.
[From Z. Rosenzweig and R. Kopelman, "Development of a Submicro-
meter Optical Fiber Oxygen Sensor," Anal Chem. 1995, 67, 2650.
Reprinted with permission © 1995, American Chemical Society]](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbc826e85-88b0-4476-b6a8-2725b72746e2%2F65c64447-fa84-4e49-a9a5-e866376f131b%2Fjawatpr_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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