fill the blank monohybridsThe law ofstates that genes have alternative forms, or alleles. In adiploidorganism, the two alleles of a gene separate duringand gamete formation; eachrecessivesperm or egg carries only one allele of each pair. Tlis law explains theratio of the F2phenotypes observed whenself-pollinate. Each organism inherits one allele for eachsegregationgene from each parent. Inindividuals, the two alleles are different, and expression ofindependent assortmenttheallele masks the phenotypic effect of theallele. Inheterozygousindividuals, the two alleles are identical.dominantThe law ofstates that the pair of alleles for a given gene segregates into gametesmeiosisindependently of the pair of alleles for any other gene. This law explains theratio ofdihybridsthe F2 phenotypes in a cross betweenhomozygousmitosis

Mendel has performed a few tremendous experiments and found different laws of genetics. He found…

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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter1: A Perspective On Human Genetics

Section1.3: What Are Genes And How Do They Work?

Problem 1EG: Ancient societies used knowledge that traits are heritable in domesticating animals and developing...

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One form of male sterility in corn is maternally transmitted. Plants of a male-sterile line crossed with normalpollen give male-sterile plants. In addition, some lines ofcorn are known to carry a dominant nuclear restorer allele (Rf ) that restores pollen fertility in male-sterile lines.a. Research shows that the introduction of restoreralleles into male-sterile lines does not alter or affectthe maintenance of the cytoplasmic factors for malesterility. What kind of research results would lead tosuch a conclusion?b. A male-sterile plant is crossed with pollen from aplant homozygous for Rf. What is the genotype of theF1? The phenotype?c. The F1 plants from part b are used as females in atestcross with pollen from a normal plant (rf/rf ). Whatare the results of this testcross? Give genotypes andphenotypes, and designate the kind of cytoplasm.d. The restorer allele already described can be calledRf-1. Another dominant restorer, Rf-2, has been found.Rf-1 and Rf-2 are located on different…
On rare occasions, an organism may have three copies of achromosome and therefore has three copies of the genes on thatchromosome (instead of the usual number of two copies). Forsuch a rare organism, the alleles for each gene usually segregateso that a gamete will contain one or two copies of the gene. Let’ssuppose that a rare pea plant has three copies of the chromosomethat carries the height gene. Its genotype is TTt. The plant is alsoheterozygous for the seed color gene, Yy, which is found on adifferent chromosome. With regard to both genes, how manytypes of gametes can this plant make, and in what proportions?(Assume that it is equally likely that a gamete will contain oneor two copies of the height gene.)
Ancient societies used knowledge that traits are heritable in domesticating animals and developing agricultural crops. What might account for the failure to recognize that the same processes operate in humans?
On average, what proportion of the genome in the following pairs ofhumans would be exactly the same if no crossing over took place? (Forthe purposes of this question only, we will ignore the special case of theX and Y sex chromosomes and assume that all genes are located onnonsex chromosomes.)a. Father and childb. Mother and childc. Two full siblings (offspring that have the same two biological parents)d. Half siblings (offspring that have only one biological parent incommon)e. Uncle and niecef. Grandparent and grandchild
What is meant by sayingthat in relation to a given traitconditioned by a gene withtwo different alleles thegametes are always “pure”?
Why can it be said that arecessive allele can remainhidden in the phenotype of anindividual and revealed onlywhen manifested inhomozygosity in theoffspring?
In individuals affected by cystic fibrosis, salt crystals may appear afterperspiration dries up. In addition, the disease causes respiratory disorderswhich can be both debilitating and lethal. It occurs in individuals homozygousfor recessive gene. If 2 normal parents had a daughter with the symptoms ofthis disease, and a normal son, what is the probability that he might be acarrier of the recessive gene?Express answer in fraction form.
A researcher crosses two white-flowered lines ofAntirrhinum plants as follows and obtains the followingresults:pure line 1 × pure line 2↓F1 all whiteF1 × F1↓F2 131 white29 reda. Deduce the inheritance of these phenotypes; useclearly defined gene symbols. Give the genotypes ofthe parents, F1, and F2.b. Predict the outcome of crosses of the F1 with eachparental line.
A woman with achondroplasia (a dominant form of dwarfism) anda phenotypically unaffected man have seven children, all of whomhave achondroplasia. What is the probability of producing such afamily if this woman is a heterozygote? What is the probabilitythat the woman is a heterozygote if her eighth child does not havethis disorder?
In individuals affected by cystic fibrosis, salt crystals may appear afterperspiration dries up. In addition, the disease causes respiratory disorderswhich can be both debilitating and lethal. It occurs in individuals homozygousfor the recessive gene. Two normal parents had a daughter with thesymptoms of this disease, and a normal son who marries a normal womanwith an afflicted A test (salt concentration in perspiration of heterozygotes ishigher than normal) disclosed that both are indeed carriers of the gene. If thefirst child born to the mating in (b) was defective, what is the probability thatthe 2nd child would also be defective?Express answer in fraction form
Scurs is an example of a sex-influenced traitin cattle that is dominant in males and recessive in females.A male and a female, neither of which has scurs, producea male offspring with scurs. What are the genotypes of theparents?
In a certain species of flowering plants with a diploidgenome, four enzymes are involved in the generationof flower color. The genes encoding these four enzymes are on different chromosomes. The biochemical pathway involved is as follows; the figure showsthat either of two different enzymes is sufficient toconvert a blue pigment into a purple pigment.→ white → green → blue → purpleA true-breeding green-flowered plant is mated with atrue-breeding blue-flowered plant. All of the plants inthe resultant F1 generation have purple flowers. F1plants are allowed to self-fertilize, yielding an F2 generation. Show genotypes for P, F1, and F2 plants, andindicate which genes specify which biochemicalsteps. Determine the fraction of F2 plants with thefollowing phenotypes: white flowers, green flowers,blue flowers, and purple flowers. Assume the greenflowered parent is mutant in only a single step ofthe pathway