For each of the situations described below, indicate the type of error that would most likely occur. Each of the numbered options can be used once, more than once, or not at all. i. Selection bias ii. Nondifferential misclassification iii. Differential misclassification iv. Confounding v. Ecologic fallacy vi. Random error a. In a cohort study of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and risk of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), high income level is associated with both HRT use and risk of CAD. b. In a case-control study of the relation between stressful daily events and asthma attacks, cases are more likely than controls to over-report the amount of stress. c. In a cohort study of use of video display terminals (VDTs) and risk of carpal tunnel syndrome, the users of VDTs are more difficult to trace than nonusers, resulting in a greater loss to follow-up of VDT users. d. In a case-control study of beta carotene and risk of esophageal cancer, serum specimens frozen and stored 20 years earlier are compared between cases and controls. Later it is found that the specimens deteriorated while in storage.
For each of the situations described below, indicate the type of error that would most likely occur. Each of the numbered options can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
i. Selection bias
ii. Nondifferential misclassification
iii. Differential misclassification
iv. Confounding
v. Ecologic fallacy
vi. Random error
a. In a cohort study of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and risk of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), high income level is associated with both HRT use and risk of CAD.
b. In a case-control study of the relation between stressful daily events and asthma attacks, cases are more likely than controls to over-report the amount of stress.
c. In a cohort study of use of video display terminals (VDTs) and risk of carpal tunnel syndrome, the users of VDTs are more difficult to trace than nonusers, resulting in a greater loss to follow-up of VDT users.
d. In a case-control study of beta carotene and risk of esophageal cancer, serum specimens frozen and stored 20 years earlier are compared between cases and controls. Later it is found that the specimens deteriorated while in storage.
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