Galilean relativity: A woman standing still at a train station watches two girls throwing a tennis ball in a moving train. Suppose the train is moving east with a constant speed of 25 m/s, and one of the girls throws the ball with a speed of 10 m/s with respect to herself towards the other girl, who is 5 m west from her. What is the velocity of the ball as observed by the woman on the station? Explain your reasoning!

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Proper Length

The theory of special relativity explains the connection between space and time to objects that move in a straight line at a constant speed. The objects move at the speed of light. When an object approaches light speed, its mass is endless and cannot move faster than light. The most crucial postulate of Einstein's special relativity is that the laws of nature do not change in each frame of reference.