Glucose has been found to react nonenzymatically with hemoglobin, through Schiff base formation between C-1 of glucose and the amino termini of the β chains. How might this finding be applied in monitoring diabetic patients?

Q: List two ways in which glutathione functions in red blood cells.

A: Glutathione is a tripeptide which means it is composed of three amino acids, namely- glycine,…

Q: Individuals with hyperammonemia are given a-ketoacids as a treatment. Explain.

A: Hyperammonemia is a condition characterized by the excess accumulation of ammonia in the blood. It…

Q: The metabolic precursor for the production of most eicosanoids is

A: Introduction: Eicosanoids are very small natural molecules that derived from film bound,…

Q: why should triacylgycerol be insignificant component of plasma membeane

A: The fate of fatty acids present in the body of an organism is either to get incorporated into the…

Q: Why are the protein-digesting enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted as the zymogen…

A: The pancreas is made of pancreatic exocrine cells. The ducts are arranged in clusters, these cells…

Q: The reaction of glutamate and NH4* to yield glutamine is catalyzed by. a) Uridylyltransferase b)…

A: Enzymes are proteins(biochemical catalysts) that play a major role in speeding up biochemical…

Q: Explain the chemical change that occurs in converting kynurenine (a product of tryptophan…

A: Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan and used in the production of niacin.…

Q: The interconversion of DHAP and GAP greatly favors the formation of DHAP at equilibrium. Yet the…

A: GAPDH has a high affinity for DHAP, thus pushes TIM reaction towards GAP formation.

Q: What can you conclude about the regulation of ketone body production and use given that 10–20% of…

A: Ketones are chemicals that the body creates when it breaks down fat to use for energy. The body does…

Q: Glucose has been found to react nonenzymatically with hemoglobin, through Schiff base formation…

A: Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body's ability to process blood glucose, otherwise known as…

Q: glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH

A: Oxidative deamination of Glutamate: The only amino acid in mammalian tissues undergoing oxidative…

Q: Hydroxyurea has been shown to increase the expression of fetal hemoglobin in adult red blood cells,…

A: Sickle cell anemia is the disorder in which abnormality in oxygen carrying hemoglobin present in red…

Q: Describe the two models that explain the binding of allosteric enzymes. Use either model to explain…

A: The allosteric site is a site that allows molecules to either activate or inhibit the enzyme…

Q: The antidiabetes drugs known as thiazolidinediones induce the production of glycerol kinase in…

A: Thiazolidinedione’s are a class of medicines that can be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.…

Q: In Zak-Henley's method in Determination of Total Serum Cholesterol, describe the role of Kiliani's…

A: Zak-Henley method is used for the determination of total serum cholesterol levels. Kiliani reagent…

Q: Why is D-glucose (dextrose), given intravenously to patients rather than sucrose?

A: In case of weakness sugar molecules are given intravenously and sometimes drugs are also dissolved…

Q: True or False. Do all reducing sugars produce a positive result in an Osazone test?

A: Reducing sugars: a. Reducing sugars are identified by the part of the molecule that contains the…

Q: Many patients with glucose 6- phosphatase deficiency have high serum levels of urate. Hyperuricemia…

A: Many patients with glucose 6-phosphate deficiency have high serum levels of urate. Hyperuricemia can…

Q: Similarly, the change in the concentration of metabolites during oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate…

A: Change in the concentration of the metabolites during oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate leads to an…

Q: What is the importance in glycosylation in rtPA in terms of its activity as a protein therapeutic?

A: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease that catalyzes the formation of plasmin…

Q: The interconverison of DHAP and GAP greatly favors the formation of DHAP at equilibirum. Yet the…

A: Enzymes are proteins that work as biological catalysts. Enzymes act on the molecules called…

Q: One treatment for hyperuricemia is administration of xanthine oxidase inhibitors like  allopurinol.…

A: Hyperuricemia means a high concentration of uric acid in the blood. Hyperuricemia results in gout…

Q: Which substrates generally undergo elimination by the unimolecular (E1) mechanism

A: Tertiary substrates generally undergo elimination by the unimolecular (E1) mechanism. This is…

Q: The reaction of glutamate and NH4* to yield glutamine is catalyzed by a) Uridylyltransferase b)…

A: Glutamine and glutamate are important amino acids for the metabolism of body. Though they are not…

Q: What is the logic behind high levels of arginine positivelyregulating N-acetylglutamate synthase?

A: The urea cycle is the biochemical reaction cycle that leads to the production of urea from ammonia…

Q: Explain the rationale for the production of ketone bodies during starvation.

A: Ketone bodies are considered as water-soluble molecules, which are produced from the fatty acids by…

Q: Many species have a third type of LDH subunit that is found predominantly in the testes. If this…

A: When multiple forms of an enzyme exist, it is called isozyme/isoenzyme. These isozymes despite…

Q: Explain the relationship between a-ketoglutarate, glutamate, and glutamine in amino acid anabolism?

A: Amino acid anabolism means formation of amino acid. There are total 20 amino acids known. Glutamate…

Q: explain why natural protease inhibitors (peptide extracts from the pancreas of cattle - aprotinin)…

A: Enzymes are known as biological catalysts. The function of a catalyst is to accelerate the rate of a…

Q: The disease beriberi, which results from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), is…

A: Macronutrients and micronutrients are two different types of nutrition. Macronutrients include the…

Q: Define the following terms:a. prenylationb. steroidc. digitalisd. lipoproteine. apolipoprotein

A: Steroid is the type of lipids that is involved in the production of the hormone in the human body.

Q: In Alzheimer’s disease, nerve cell death is associated with the accumulation of aggregates of…

A: Alzheimer’s disease is the brain disorder in humans. This disorder is irreversible and affect the…

Q: An increase in HDACS can lead to which of the following?

A: Ans - D) All of the above Chromatin's fundamental structure is known as nucleosome and it consists…

Q: Hemophiliacs who lack factor IX are sometimes given infusions of factor VII to restore normal blood…

A: Hemophilia is a group of inherited bleeding that slows down the process of blood coagulation. This…

Q: .N. NH2 R COOH соон `NH2 Pyridoxamine Pyruvic acid Alanine A

A: It is a transamination reaction in which an amino acid is synthesized.

Q: A congenital defect in the liver enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase resultsin abnormally high levels…

A: Bisphosphatase is an enzyme that converts fructose-1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in…

Q: The concentrations of the following amino acids differsignificantly in blood flowing from the liver…

A: Introduction Maintaining the concentration of amino acids in the blood is a highly active and…

Q: What is an example of a biomolecule that interacts with Insulin? Please give a detailed explanation…

A: Hormones are chemical messengers that transmit instructions from one cell to another. They are the…

Q: Suggest the effects of each of the following mutations on the physiologicalrole of…

A: The chymotrypsinogen is inactive enzyme and is also known as zymogen. This is a proenyzme which…

Q: Show the complete reaction mechanism for the deamination of alanine until the amino group is…

A: The deamination of the alanine amino acid takes place with the help of the transaminase enzyme to…

Q: The end products of tryptophan degradation are acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA, yet tryptophan is a…

A: Introduction The catabolism of carbon skeletons of amino acids results in seven metabolic products.…

Q: can acetone sometimes be detected in the breath of patients with type 1 diabetes?

A: Type 1 diabetes occurs when blood glucose level increases because of the improper or non-functional…

Q: If both cysteine residues on the B chain of insulin were changes to alanine        residues, how…

A: Insulin is made up of two chains A chain and B chain. Both the chains are linked together by two…

Q: Neuraminidase (NA) catalyzes a hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages of sialic acids using a…

A: Neuraminidase inhibitors are the class of drugs which block the neuraminidase enzyme.They are…

Q: Discuss the mechanism of action of the enzyme chymotrypsin.

A: Chymotrypsin is a serine protease that catalyses hydrolytic reactions. It specifically hydrolyses…

Q: By what the two polypeptides of human insulin are linked together?

A: Insulin is peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic cells that is responsible for reduction of blood…

Q: Predict the physiological effects of a mutation that resulted in a deficiency of enteropeptidase.

A: Enteropeptidase is a proteolytic enzyme produced by intestinal mucosal epithelial cells. They brings…

Nucleotides

It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). 

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.