Goods that are rival in consumption include both club goods and public goods. public goods and common resources. common resources and private goods. private goods and club goods.
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- Two identical firms save money from polluting. A firm’s marginal savings from emitting an amount e are given by 10 − 2e. The two firms differ in their impact on ambient pollution concentrations. Two units of emissions from firm 1 result in one unit of ambient pollution, while one unit of emissions from firm 2 results in one unit of ambient pollution. a) Initially the policy-maker decides to institute a standard cap and trade program instead of regulating ambient pollution. If each firm is initially given three emission permits, how many permits will each firm end up with and what will be the price? b) The policy-maker realizes the differences between the firms and de- cides to institute ambient pollution permit trading. What are the transfer coefficients for each of the firms? If instead each firm is given two ambient pollution permits and trading takes place, how much will each firm end up emitting, and what will be the price?There three individuals each benefit from a public good. The marginal cost of the public good provision is fixed at $20 per unit: MC = $20Whereas each of the three individuals each receive a marginal benefit for each unit of the public good defined by: Person 1: MB1= 40 − 2Q Person 2: MB2= 30 − 2Q Person 3: MB3= 31 − Q They are non-rival, just like with public goods. Therefore, each person benefits from the overall quantity of Q purchased by everyone, not only from the value that they personally acquire.1. Draw a figure with all three MB curves, the MC curve, and the Social Marginal Benefit (SMB) Curve. Label all x-intercepts, y-intercepts, and kinks in the SMB curve.2. Given the above MB curves, write down the Social Marginal Benefit Curve as a function of Q. 3. What is the Socially Optimal Choice of Q and would any private individual purchase this on their own?Question TWO Two categories of public goods are non-rival consumption goods and non-excludable goods. Discuss the similarities and differences between these two types of goods. If a good is non-rival in consumption, does that mean that it is also non-excludable? If a good is non-excludable, does that mean it is non-rival in consumption? Why might the market produce non-rival goods inefficiently? Why might the market produce non-excludable goods inefficiently?
- List and explain the two defining characteristics of public goods.There are three firms, A;B; and C that produce electricity. The first two firms have the same per-megawatt cost of production equal to $2, while firm C has a per-megawatt cost of $1. The firms differ, however, in their pollution. Firms A, B, and C produce respectively 1, 2, and 3 cubic feet of carbon monoxide per megawatt produced. A cubic foot of carbon monoxide pollutes the environment, and has a social cost of $2.5. The demand for electricity is represented by the inverse demand function P (Mw) =100 - Mw, where Mw represents the megawatts consumed by the public. Suppose firms are not held accountable for the pollution they produce. What is the competitive equilibrium price and quantity in the market for electricity? (remember that in a competitive market the price will be driven down to marginal cost (since firms in a competitive market earn zero economic profit). How much pollution is there at the competitive equilibrium and what is the social cost of this pollution?There are three firms, A;B; and C that produce electricity. The first two firms have the same per-megawatt cost of production equal to $2, while firm C has a per-megawatt cost of $1. The firms differ, however, in their pollution. Firms A, B, and C produce respectively 1, 2, and 3 cubic feet of carbon monoxide per megawatt produced. A cubic foot of carbon monoxide pollutes the environment, and has a social cost of $2.5. The demand for electricity is represented by the inverse demand function P (Mw) =100 - Mw, where Mw represents the megawatts consumed by the public. Suppose firms are not held accountable for the pollution they produce. Q1: What is the social cost at the pollution at the competitive equilibrium? and what is the socially optimal quantity of pollution?
- There are three firms, A;B; and C that produce electricity. The first two firms have the same per-megawatt cost of production equal to $2, while firm C has a per-megawatt cost of $1. The firms differ, however, in their pollution. Firms A, B, and C produce respectively 1, 2, and 3 cubic feet of carbon monoxide per megawatt produced. A cubic foot of carbon monoxide pollutes the environment, and has a social cost of $2.5. The demand for electricity is represented by the inverse demand function P (Mw) =100 - Mw, where Mw represents the megawatts consumed by the public. Suppose firms are not held accountable for the pollution they produce. Suppose that government allows firms to trade their permits to emit carbon monoxide. Q1: What is the competitive price of a permit to emit 1 cubic foot of carbon monoxide? And how much electricity is produced after the permits are traded?Automobile production imposes a negative externality. The government imposes a per-unit tax on automobiles to reduce the impact of this externality. With this tax, at the market quantity, the Marginal Social Benefit of the last automobile produced is lower than the Marginal Social Cost of the last automobile produced. This tax: Group of answer choices is too low to implement the efficient quantity. is too high to implement the efficient quantity. implements the efficient quantity because in the market equilibrium with the tax we have Marginal Private Benefit equal to Marginal Private Cost. Need information on Marginal Private Benefit and Marginal Private Cost at the market equilibrium with the tax to determine if the market outcome is efficient.Explain the efficiency condition for Public Goods