How are competent cells prepared by the action of CaCl2 ?

Q: What is the advantage to the organization of the PDH complex?

A: ATP is the energy currency for all living cells. The citric acid cycle is a combination of 8…

Q: How can Hormones influence the response of target cells?

A: Introduction: Hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and transported to the target organs or…

Q: Which Membrane receptors are important in hormonal signalling ?

A: The transmembrane proteins are considered membrane receptors. The main function of membrane…

Q: Illustrate the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, and…

A: Eicosanoids, a family of substances produced from polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid, which…

Q: Based on the pathways shown in this figure, why are people advised to avoid taking aspirin or other…

A: Answer- Aspirin is a medicine that is used to treat various medical conditions which include heart…

Q: Why are the eicosanoids often called “local hormones”?

A: Hormones are the signalling molecules that are synthesized by glands and are transported to the…

Q: What are the main functional roles for Ca2+-signalling in neurons and how is the concentration of…

A: Calcium is an important intracellular messenger that regulates a plethora of neuronal processes such…

Q: What is ARD? Discuss the mechanism of ARD and its importance.

A: According to the question, we have to explain what is ARD. In addition to that, the mechanism of ARD…

Q: What does norephinephrin do?

A: Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenalin or noradrenaline is a hormone produced and stored…

Q: Define the role of oligodendrocyte ?

A: Oligodendrocyte, a type of neuroglia found in the central nervous system of invertebrates and…

Q: Why is the proclactin secretion controled , how?

A: Endocrine glands are ductless glands and release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Examples of…

Q: State the function of oxytocin.

A: Oxytocin (Oxt) is a secretion of the peptides and a neuropeptide. It is usually formed in the…

Q: How do response mechanisms in target cells differ for water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones?

A: The cell signaling is the process of cell communication within the body. It is the ability of cells…

Q: What is paracrine signalling?

A: Cell signaling is the interaction of cell correspondence inside the body driven by cells delivering…

Q: Propose a mechanism for the reaction between opsin and 11- cisretinal.

A: Opsin is a protein found in the retina of the eye and it is used to form rhodopsin which is formed…

Q: What are the target tissues and effects of oxytocin?

A: Oxytocin is a hormone produced by hypothalamus and it is secreted by posterior pituitary gland into…

Q: What is the function of substance P? of endorphins?

A: Neurotransmitters are chemical substances which transmit impulse from one region to another in the…

Q: How might insulin-producing stem cells transplanted to the pancreashelp people with type 1 diabetes?…

A: Glucose is used by all the cells in the human body to obtain energy in the form of ATP. The level of…

Q: What is dipicolinic acid and the DPA complex, and where is itfound?

A: Dipicolinic acid is associated with the bacterial population. It is otherwise known as…

Q: Why would elevated levels of PSA be suggestive of prostate cancer given what you know about cancer?…

A: The prostate gland is situated below the urinary bladder and is responsible for the production of…

Q: What effect does methylene blue have on coacervates? Is it the same effect it has on cheek cells?…

A: Methylene blue is a dye which has a staining effect on negatively charged organelles and…

Q: Give an example of catecholamines.

A: Catecholamine is a kind of neurohormone. Catecholamines play a significant role in stress responses.…

Q: Why is the cellular ratio of GSH to GSSG in cytoplasm usually high?

A: The cytoplasm of the cells is the site for various metabolic reactions.

Q: where and how would hyaluronidase most likely act to break down HA?

A: The enzyme hyaluronidase, which breaks down hyaluronic acid, has long been utilised to improve drug…

Q: what are the symptoms of covid-19?

A: Symptoms of Covid-19: Covid -19 affects different people in different ways.  Most common symptoms:…

Q: lentify the bioactive nancomposites for bic pplication ?

A: Bioactivity:It is the ability of a material to incite a very specific biological reaction, usually…

Q: What is “EMLA”? Give its purpose

A: A human being's nervous system is a complex system that helps to coordinate behavior and transmit…

Q: are there long term effects of covid-19

A: Various researches and studies have been conducted to observe long term effects in COVID-19…

Q: Explain the function of His 57 in the mechanism of chymotrypsin

A: Chymotrypsin enzyme is a serine protease. Serine proteases contain three residues in their active…

Q: What are Local Transmission of Covid-19

A: Some useful terms related to COVID-19 SARS ( Severe acute respiratory syndrome), CoV ( covid 19)…

Q: What are the effects of COVID-19 on medical frontliners and patients

A: Covid -19 is a pandemic disease .  It spreads all over the world.  It is caused by corona virus. (…

Q: Describe three ways in which increased secretion of PTHcan increase blood levels of calcium.

A: PTH Stands for parathyroid hormone. It is a hormone released by parathyroid gland.

Q: Describe the Lpt pathway

A: Lpt stands for Lipopolysaccharide transport. Lpt pathway is the transport of Lipopolysaccharides…

Q: Describe the steps of TH1 activation in 2 to 3 paragraphs

A: The immune system is responsible to protect the body from the attack of external pathogens. It can…

Q: Explain how adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is synthesized from pro-opiomelanocortin. Nucleus…

A: The anterior pituitary gland produces and secretes a polypeptide tropic hormone called…

Q: What are the effects of calcium as a seconf messenger?

A: The cell signal as two messengers such as, the first messenger and second messengers. The first…

Q: Quinolones and fluroquinolones affect cell membrane integrity? True or false.

A: Quinolones represent a class of bactericidal antibiotics. These antibiotics affect both…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.