Describe the steps of TH1 activation in 2 to 3 paragraphs

Q: What is the advantage to the organization of the PDH complex?

A: ATP is the energy currency for all living cells. The citric acid cycle is a combination of 8…

Q: Enumerate SRP binding molecules and indicate the function elicited by each binding AND Explain the…

A: Signal sequence  - slowing of protein synthesis ( elongation arrest ) :…

Q: Describe how epinephrine is used as a signaling molecule to cause the release of glucose from liver…

A: Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone released by the adrenal glands. Muscles need…

Q: Are C-reactive protein levels a useful initial sceeen for Kawasaki disease in patients

A: Kawasaki disease is a acute febrile illness principally involving cardiovascular system. Here we…

Q: What proteins within a cell are phosphorylated when a positive inotropic agent activates the cAMP…

A: The nucleus of the circulatory system is the heart. The heart is exquisitely able to match cardiac…

Q: How are competent cells prepared by the action of CaCl2 ?

A: The bacterial cells that possess pores in their cell walls, making it easy for the cell to take the…

Q: Diferentiate between embryonic and adult stem cells.

A: Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells are classified into…

Q: What effect does AP frequency have on NT release?

A: The rapid change in the charge across the cell membrane when the neuron is firing is termed as the…

Q: Describe how G proteins are activated and inactivated. What protein functions as a GEF?

A: G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as…

Q: Where and when are acute-phase proteins produced? Primarily in the liver in response to inflammation…

A: Acute-phase proteins are circulating blood proteins in nature. Their levels tend to increase or…

Q: Explain the term hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)?

A: There are some proteins like growth factors which function as growth stimulators or growth…

Q: Why the physiology of the HGFs is very complex?

A: HGF (Hepatocyte growth factor) is the protein component present in the body

Q: Which phase are initially inhibited by Sic1.Phosphorylation marks Sic1 for ubiquitinylation by…

A: Cell division is the process, in which the cell undergoes parent cell division into daughter cells.

Q: Using the terms potency, specificity and differentiation in each, compare and contrast the…

A: Cells are the building blocks of life. The immature cells that have the tendency to develop and form…

Q: List some of the paracrine regulators produced by blood vessels and describe their actions.Also,…

A: Molecule or hormone produced by tissue to regulate activity in same tissue called paracrine…

Q: RIPK3 is a key modulator of necroptosis that

A: Necroptosis- The programmed form of necrosis or inflammatory cell death is called necroptosis.…

Q: Why mutant HTT protein affects a large number ofcellular processes ?

A: Cellular processes is defined as the complex activity of various biological molecules in term of…

Q: Describe the main mechanisms by which G proteins are activated upon norepinephrine binding

A: G proteins are molecular switches that are active when bound to GTP and capable of hydrolyzing the…

Q: Which components of the phosphoinositide signaling system are soluble and which are associated with…

A: The phosphoinositide signaling (PSS) system works by the activation of the phospholipase (PLC)…

Q: Give an example of catecholamines.

A: Catecholamine is a kind of neurohormone. Catecholamines play a significant role in stress responses.…

Q: of the blanks and submit X, X' Complex IV of the ETC is reduced by and complex III is reduced by…

A: ETC (electron transport chain) is a chain of electron carriers, which is present in the inner…

Q: What outcome might you expect if a pregnant woman were to be given an oxytocin agonist?

A: Oxytocin:-This is a nonapeptide that is secreted mainly from the posterior part of the pituitary…

Q: “Cells under mild or moderate stress can revert to normal condition” explain the mechanism behind…

A: There are different cellular responses to help restore homeostasis for different types of stress. A…

Q: Give Common Mechanisms by Which Stimulation of a Cell Leads to an Increase in Cytosolic Ca21…

A: Introduction: Calcium is an essential element of the body it plays a wide-ranging physiological…

Q: Briefly describe how inflammation can contribute to carcinogenesis and disease progression through…

A: Tumors are heterotypic collections of many cell types including cancer stem cells, progeny tumor…

Q: Components Low blood sugar level High blood sugar level sensor G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRS)…

A: The control of blood sugar by insulin is an example of a negative feedback mechanism. Glucose…

Q: What happens when excess secretion of ADH occurs? State two causes of this.

A: ADH, commonly referred to as vasopressin is a peptide hormone secreted by the neurohypophysis of the…

Q: write the names of FMN and FAD requiring enzymes .

A: FMN ( flavin mononucleotide ) and  FAD ( flavin adenine dinucleotide ) are the active moiety of…

Q: Explain why use of a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor is a treatment for benign prostate hyperplasia

A: Prostate is defined a small gland that is present inside the groin located between the bladder and…

Q: Explain how ACTH production is regulated and give a role of ACTH

A: ACTH is a peptide hormone that is made up of 39 amino acids.

Q: B. What minimum concentration of insulin would be required to result in 99% of the receptors having…

A: Insulin is a hormone synthesized exclusively by the pancreatic beta cells. These beta cells are…

Q: Explain how GEF and GAP activate and deactivate RAS, respectively.

A: GEFs and GAPs are multidomain proteins that are regulated by extracellular signals and localized…

Q: Beyond stimulating aldosterone secretion, list the effects of ANG II. Give examples and brief…

A: The RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) is operated by JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus). The…

Q: Estimate the concentration of norepinephrine at which the response reaches 50% (disregard that there…

A: The drug response curve represents a relationship between the logarithmic concentration a drug with…

Q: Define: endocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine and autocrine cell signals:

A: The cell signaling may be to the nearby cell or to the cells present at large distance. On the basis…

Q: 42. Endogenous pyrogen, as

A: Endogenous pyrogens are chemicals that originate within the body and can cause fever by acting on…

Q: Describe how the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is activated in cells (name the cellular/molecular…

A: During exit from mitosis and in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the anaphase-promoting…

Q: Describe three ways in which increased secretion of PTHcan increase blood levels of calcium.

A: PTH Stands for parathyroid hormone. It is a hormone released by parathyroid gland.

Q: volved in C

A: CPT codes can be defined as the five digits code that is used for the description of surgeries and…

Q: Provide a detailed arrow-pushing mechanism for the following transformation: Br H20 O- H3C Upload an…

A: Secondary Alkyl halides with water shows SN1 mechanism because water is a polar protic molecule.

Q: Cholesterol is synthesized in the body. What is the comparative role of diet and endogenous…

A: The centralization of plasma cholesterol relies upon the incorporated equilibrium of the endogenous…

Q: "Cells under mild or moderate stress can revert to normal condition”- briefly explain

A: Cells can respond to stress in various ways ranging from the activation of survival pathways to the…

Q: State some of the features that cross the cell membrane and make "porin proteins" specific.

A: As per the honor code, we answer only one question at a time, therefore we are answering the first…

Q: (a) Identify the two reactions that allow the kidney to produce NH4+. (b) Which gluconeogenic…

A: The kidney is capable of excreting acid (as ammonium chloride) and generating new bicarbonate (not…

Q: Define the following terms: a. steady state b. target cells c. endocrine d. paracrine e. autocrine

A: The endocrine system is a chemical messenger which acts as a complex network of glands, where…