How do drugs of abuse, such as opioids and cocaine, alter the neural circuits and molecular signaling pathways that regulate reward, motivation, and decision-making in the brain, and what are the long-term consequences of chronic drug exposure on brain structure and function?

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Intelligence

Intelligence refers to the intellectual functioning that compares a person's intelligence quotient (IQ) with other people of the same age. In other words, it is the ability to understand circumstances or situations and arrive at appropriate solutions. Both animals and plants exhibit intelligence.