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- Part of the complement system of defense is opsonization. This process Group of answer choices creates an acidic environment that prevents pathogen attachment coats the pathogen exterior so that it is recognized by the host's phagocytes. causes the pathogen to become trapped in mucus. causes holes to form in the pathogen's cell walls.in order for phagocytic cells to recognize pathogens, the on the pathogen surface must interact with the on the phagocytic cells surface? PAMPs....... PRRs PRRs/TLRs TLRs/PRRs TLR/PAMPsWhich of the following molecules do you think would make good antigens for recognizing pathogens and why? - a cell wall protein - a piece of DNA inside a cell - a protein that is part of a flagella - a uniquely shaped protein that is part of a virus - a protein that is only made by prokaryotic cells - a protein that is only made by eukaryotic cells
- Which of these innate defenses would be most inhibited by antibiotic use? Group of answer choices Mucus Normal microbiota Fever Complement activationThe figure below shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. Even though all of these epitopes are identical, not all of them have antibodies bound to them. The most likely explanation for this failure of antibodies to bind to every possible epitope on the surface of the pathogen is: There is an insufficient amount of antibody to saturate all the epitopes. The pathogen has an immune evasion strategy to avoid antibody binding to all epitopes. Some of the epitopes cannot bind antibody due to steric hindrance. The antibodies are only able to bind when both antigen-binding sites are engaged on the pathogen surface. The epitopes on the pathogen are not all in the same conformation, so not all will bind the same antibody.Pathology and Immune Evasion: Include two evasion methods that Cyanobacteria, Chytrids, Ciliates, Coronavirus, and Chronic wasting disease evade normal immune response and causing tissue damage. Include both innate and adaptive immune response. Explain the virulence factors of these 5 pathogens and how it evades the immune system
- A pathogenic bacteria has entered the body via a wound: A few hours later, antigen presenting cells (APCs) can be observed displaying antigenic fragments of the bacteria. Explain the process starting with a bacterial cell living in the body and ending with an APC displaying antigenic fragmentsPart of the complement system of defense is opsonization. This process coats the pathogen exterior so that it is recognized by the host's phagocytes. creates an acidic environment that prevents pathogen attachment causes holes to form in the pathogen's cell walls. causes the pathogen to become trapped in mucus.Which of these innate defenses would be most inhibited by antibiotic use? Mucus Fever Normal microbiota Complement activation
- Which molecules function as chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses? Cytokines opsonins lysozymes antibodies antimicrobial peptidesPathogenic infections induce damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms. While many mechanisms are direct effects of the pathogen, some damaging mechanisms result from the immune response to the infection. Examples of damage caused by the host immune response are: a) Exotoxin production, endotoxin b) Cell-mediated inmunity, direct cytopathic effect c) Endotoxin, inmmunune complexes d) Direct cythopathic effect, endotoxin e) Cell-mediated inmunity, inmmunune complexesWhich of the following statements correctly compares/contrasts the ways in which antibiotics and antibodies interact with the cells of pathogens that they can affect during an infection? Group of answer choices Antibiotics and antibodies both enter cells and kill them Antibodies enter cells and kill them; antibiotics attach to the outside of cells Antibiotics enter cells and kill them; antibodies attach to the outside of cells Antibiotics and antibodies both attach to the outside of cells