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Let’s study the crowding-out effect which is triggered by a discretionary fiscal policy.
- How does a temporary increase in government purchase affect the interest rate based on the money
supply-demand model? Why? - Suppose we are having stagflation because of a supply shock. Please show the temporary increase in government purchases can restore the long-run
macroeconomic equilibrium using a graph. - What is the meaning of the crowding-out effect? Please show the short-run crowding out effect using a graph.
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- Use AD and AS curves to explain the effects on the equilibrium price level and equilibrium level of output in the short run.(a) An expansionary fiscal policy with the economy operating near full capacity. (b) A contractionary monetary policy during a period of high unemployment and excess industrial capacity. (c) A strong hurricane destroys energy plants which cause energy prices to increase, assuming that the Fed attempts to keep interest rates constant by accommodating inflation. (d) The federal government pursues a contractionary fiscal policy while the Fed acts to keep output from falling.111.If money demand does not depend on income, then the ______ curve is ______. A)IS; vertical B)IS; horizontal C)LM; vertical D)LM; horizontal 112.If money demand is extremely sensitive to the interest rate, then the ______ curve is ______. A)IS; vertical B)IS; horizontal C)LM; vertical D)LM; horizontal 113.If the government wants to raise investment but keep output constant, it should: A)adopt a loose monetary policy but keep fiscal policy unchanged. B)adopt a loose monetary policy and a loose fiscal policy. C)adopt a loose monetary policy and a tight fiscal policy. D)keep monetary policy unchanged but adopt a tight fiscal policy. 114.A tax cut combined with tight money, as was the case in the United States in the early 1980s, should lead to a: A)rise in the real interest rate and a fall in investment. B)fall in the real interest rate and a rise in investment. C)rise in both the real interest rate and investment. D)fall in both the real interest…When there is a problem of a delay in terms of implementation of the fiscal policy, that would be categorized as _____. execution lag information lag decision lag Fiscal policy nowadays are focused on eliminating GDP gap True False When the Central Bank controls the money supply by controlling the amount of high-powered money in the economy, that is called _____. interest rate fixation selective credit control open market operations required reserves ratio policy The focus of monetary policy nowadays is by using interest rate as an indicator. True False
- The following parameters describe the structure of a hypothetical economy: Autonomous consumption=240 Autonomous investment=1000 Autonomous taxes=100 Autonomous government expenditure=400 Real money supply (M/P)=600 Tax rate=0.25 Marginal propensity to consume=0.8 Interest elasticity of investment=50 Interest elasticity of demand for money=62.5 Income elasticity of demand for money=0.25 a) Determine and explain the relative effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies and State the values of the fiscal and monetary policy multipliers if the economy is in a liquidity trap. Explain. b) Use your answer in part a) above to determine equilibrium income and interest rate. c) If government expenditure is increased by 150 units, show how equilibrium interest rate and equilibrium income will change. Can you determine the extent to which investment is crowded out as a result? Explain.It’s probably fair to say that for many years fiscal policy has been the poor relation to monetary policy in macroeconomic policy making circles. Now it is back in vogue. In their recent assessment of the economic impact of the pandemic, the World Bank (p56, 2021) concluded, for advanced economies such as the United Kingdom (UK), that, “With monetary policy increasingly constrained, fiscal policy has taken on a critical role in macroeconomic stabilization during the crisis, delivering unprecedented stimulus in 2020 in the form of cash transfers and income support to households and firms.” Firstly, explain how monetary and fiscal policy is implemented and how they can be used to influence GDP and the price level. Secondly, the quotation above highlights the unprecedented use that has been made of fiscal policy in countries such as the UK during the crisis. Briefly consider whether fiscal policy will remain the key policy instrument in these sorts of countries in the near future.An economy is operating with output that is $40 billion below its natural level, and fiscal policymakers want to close this recessionary gap. The central bank agrees to adjust the money supply to hold the interest rate constant, so there is no crowding out. The marginal propensity to consume is 4/5, and the price level is completely fixed in the short run. In what direction and by how much would government spending need to change to close the recessionary gap? Explain your thinking.?
- Read the following excerpts. Identify whether the policy action is fiscal or monetary and expansionary or contractionary. Draw and label the change that would occur on the AD/AS graph as a result of the policy action described in each. Identify what will happen as a result of the policy to the price level, employment, and real GDP. Excerpt from FOMC Statement Released December 16, 2008 “The Federal Open Market Committee decided today to establish a target range for the federal funds rate of 0 to ¼ percent. Since the Committee’s last meeting labor market conditions have deteriorated, and the available data indicate that consumer spending, business investment, and industrial production have declined. Financial markets remain quite strained and credit conditions tight. Overall, the outlook for economic activity has weakened further.” Identify whether the policy action is fiscal or monetary. Identify whether the policy action is expansionary or contractionary. Draw and label the change…Read the following excerpt. Identify whether the policy action is fiscal or monetary and expansionary or contractionary. Draw and label the change that would occur on the AD/AS graph as a result of the policy action described. Identify what will happen as a result of the policy to the price level, employment, and real GDP. Excerpt from FOMC Statement Released December 16, 2008 “The Federal Open Market Committee decided today to establish a target range for the federal funds rate of 0 to ¼ percent. Since the Committee’s last meeting labor market conditions have deteriorated, and the available data indicate that consumer spending, business investment, and industrial production have declined. Financial markets remain quite strained and credit conditions tight. Overall, the outlook for economic activity has weakened further.” Identify whether the policy action is fiscal or monetary. Identify whether the policy action is expansionary or contractionary. Draw and label the change that…Most economists agree that individual consumers and business cannot pull the economy out of a severe recession without help from either the government or the Federal Reserve. Which group(s) believe fiscal policy is ineffective: Keynesians or Monetarists? Briefly explain the answer. Which group(s) believe monetary policy is ineffective in the short run: Keynesians or Monetarists? Briefly explain the answer. Which group(s) believe monetary policy is ineffective in the long run: Keynesians or Monetarists? Briefly explain the answer.
- In the goods-and-services market actual inventories have started to rise above optimal inventories. What could have happened to autonomous money demand to bring this about? Explain and diagrammatically represent your answer. In doing so, be sure to explain and diagrammatically represent what happens to the rate of interest, investment, and Y. In explaining what happens to Y, be sure to fully explain the equilibrium process in the simple Keynesian modelIn the figure above, assume that output is $10.5 trillion, while potential output is $12 trillion. If a fiscal stimulus package is implemented quickly, raising output to $12 trillion, while inflation remains constant at one percent, then the figure implies that the real interest rate will be ________ percent. A) 1.5 B) zero C) one D) 0.5 E) 2.5An economy is operating with an output of $500 billion below its natural level, and fiscal policymakers want to close this recessionary gap. The central bank agrees to adjust the money supply to hold the interest rate constant, so there is no crowding out. The marginal propensity to consume is 0.25, and the price level is completely fixed in the short run. In what direction and by how much would government spending need to change?