How does the location of ATP synthase differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Where do protons accumulate as a result of the ETS in each cell type

Q: What is the function of the mitochondria?  What is the relationship between ATP and ADP? Why is…

A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide made up of adenine base, ribose sugar, and three…

Q: What are the differences between b-oxidation in mitochondria and in peroxisomes? What similarities…

A: Fatty acids are metabolized in the body by beta-oxidation. The beta-oxidation can take place in the…

Q: the reduced electron carrier that enters Complex II of the electron transport chain, downstream of…

A: Energy is needed by the cell to do work. The energy is produced by oxidizing the glucose molecules…

Q: What part of the electron transport chain is responsible for the greatest contribution to oxidative…

A: Protein complexes are present in the inner membrane of mitochondria forming an electron transport…

Q: A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic one. For the cell to…

A: An organic substance that supplies energy to all body cells to carry out biological functions is…

Q: If one FADH2 enters the electron transport chain, describe how electrons from FADH2 flow through the…

A: FADH2 transports electron to electron transport chain at the inner mitochondrial memberane and…

Q: How many ATP's are formed per molecule of NADH and FADH2? How would a different number of subunits…

A: ATP also called adenosine tri phosphate is the energy currency of the cell and stores energy in the…

Q: How many protons are required to synthesize one ATP by F1F0-ATPase containing (a) 10 or (b) 15 c…

A: ATP synthase is an enzyme required for the synthesis of ATP. It is located in the F1 or head piece…

Q: How many ATP molecules are made when 40 protons flow from the intermembrane space to the matrix in…

A: The ATP production takes place in the mitochondria in the cell following the Chemiosmotic theory.…

Q: Why is the amount of ATP produced in cells that can undergo oxidative phosphorylation much greater…

A: The cell stores energy in molecules called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is also referred to as…

Q: The yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae is moved from an environment containing oxygen to an…

A: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is yeast which belongs to the kingdom fungi. It is used in various…

Q: Other than the half channels in the C-ring, what other transporters use protons during ATP…

A: Animal cells produce ATP by cellular respiration, whereas plant cells produce carbohydrates through…

Q: What would happen to the citric acid cycle if NADH and FADH2 were not reoxidized?

A: Citric acid cycle or TCA or Krebs cycle is the metabolic process in which the oxidation of acetyl…

Q: How many moles of ATP are ultimately produced from the entry of 1 mole of FADH2 into the electron…

A: An electron transport is a series of reactions that involves the transfer of electrons. Electrons…

Q: In terms of aerobic cellular respiration, explain how the irreversible steps of glycolysis and…

A: Respiration is one of the most critical chemical processes that all living creatures, including…

Q: What are the major differences between the oxidations in the citric acid cycle that use NAD1 as an…

A: Citric acid cycle is also known as tricarboxylic acid because in this cycle of cellular respiration,…

Q: The coenzymes NAD and FAD can “shuttle” hydrogens from one reaction to another. How does this…

A: Introduction: Coenzymes are organic compounds required by many enzymes for catalytic activity. They…

Q: What are the usual ionic forms of ATP and ADP in typical cells? Does this information have any…

A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…

Q: The electron transport chain makes no ATP directly. Instead, it eases the fall of electrons from…

A: Electron transport chain is a chain of different electron transporters present in the inner membrane…

Q: Why do the electrons carried by FADH2 result in less ATP production than those carried by NADH?

A: The energy emitted by the electron transport chain would ultimately be insufficient to pump protons…

Q: What enzymes from the citric acid cycle that are allosterically regulated by ATP and/or NADH?  What…

A: TCA cycle: - In this cycle, the activated acetate derived from pyruvate undergoes stepwise oxidation…

Q: tes, the net ATP produced from glycolysis to aerobic respiration is 36 while in prokaryotes is 38.…

A: The chemicals produced by anaerobic respiration in bacteria are known as adenosine triphosphates.…

Q: In performing its function does mt ATP synthase require other enzymes to be involved during its…

A: No, mitochondial ATP synthase do not require other enzymes during its function.

Q: Each of the cytochromes in the mitochondrion contains prosthetic groups. What is a prosthetic group?…

A: Conjugated proteins have prosthetic group with apoprotein. Apoprotein - The protein part of the…

Q: Suppose you synthesize an ATP synthase that was devoid of the y (gamma) subunit. How would the…

A: Oxidative phosphorylation -  it is a process of ATP synthesis coupled with the movement of electrons…

Q: The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the ETS. What is the final electron acceptor of…

A: The aerobic respiration of the cell is made of three main parts - (i) glycolysis where glucose is…

Q: Why is less ATP is made from the reoxidation of FADH2 compared to NADH?

A: Cellular respiration begins with the process of glycolysis in which glucose is partially oxidized to…

Q: What are the inhibitors of complex 1,2,3,4, and 5 of electron transport chain? Write their name

A: Electron transport chain is also known as chemi osmotic pathway. In electron transport chain,…

Q: Why does the total of ATPs generated differ between bacteria andmany eukaryotes?

A: ATP molecules are produced from cellular respiration by the process of substrate-level…

Q: How many ATPs are synthesized for every cytoplasmic NADH reducing equivalent that is transferred…

A: The malate-aspartate shuttle is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during…

Q: What is the source of Coenzyme A in mitochondria? Is there any manufacturing of Coenzyme A in the…

A: Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to…

Q: Mitochondria are important organelles for energy production. Why do mitochondria contain…

A: Mitochondria is a double membrane bound organelles responsible for the production of ATP.

Q: During glycolysis, transition, and the citric acid cycle: How many ATP (or GTP) is made in each…

A: A) Glycolysis produces 2ATP, tansition yields 2 molecules of ATP, and crab cycle/ citric acid cycle…

Q: How does each of the following regulate citric acid cycle? (a) High levels of Succinyl-CoA (b) High…

A: The citric acid cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA into CO2 and H2O. During this process,…

Q: How does the presence of cristae in the mitochondrial membrane increase the productivity of aerobic…

A: In eukaryotes, the aerobic stages of cellular respiration take place in cellular organelle named…

Q: why is the citric acid cycle is located in close cellular proximity to the electron transport chain

A: In the process of cellular metabolism, glucose moiety is consumed by the cell to produce pyruvate.…

Q: Two pathways that yield NADPH in the cytosol, needed for fatty acid biosynthesis, are: (1) (2)

A: Since there are multiple questions and which question is to be solved has not been specified, as per…

Q: How do cytosolic NADH electrons get to the electron transport chain under aerobic conditions

A: The chemical reactions that occur inside the body and sustain the life processes are together summed…

Q: If actively respiring mitochondria are exposed to an inhibitor of ATPADP translocase, the…

A: Introduction ATP-ADP translocase is a transport protein that acts as an antiporter of ATP and ADP.…

Q: Why is the mechanism of ATP synthesis shared among both prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic…

A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living…

Q: What will happen to the proton (H+ions) gradient in the mitochondria if the ATP synthase is blocked?

A: The free energy released during the oxidation of glucose to CO2 is retained in the NADH and FADH2…

Q: During oxidative phosphorylation: H+ are actively transported from __ to __? How does this process…

A: Oxidative phosphorylation is also known as electron transport chain (ETC). It occurs in the matrix…

Q: The inner mitochondrial membrane exhibits all of the fundamental characteristics of a typical cell…

A: Some unique characteristics of a typical cell membrane include: Presence of cristae. Restricted…

Q: Why is the citric acid cycle considered part of aerobic metabolism, even though molecular oxygen…

A: All cells require energy (ATP) to carry out various cellular processes, such as active transport,…

Q: What are the catalytic subunits of F1 particle of ATP synthase?

A: Adenosine triphosphate synthase is a protein that catalyses the synthesis of the energy storage…

Q: There are some drugs that can inhibit the activity of ATP synthase. How does this affect the pH of…

A: ATP synthase is an enzyme, which directly generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the…

Q: In the Electron Transport Chain, how are hydrogen ions pumped out of a bacteria cell and then how do…

A: Introduction : ATP or adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of the cell. The cells require…

Q: a protein cluster, found in the inner membrane of mitochondria that uses the energy of a hydrogen…

A: Oxidative phosphorylation is the main process in mitochondria that helps to synthesize energy in the…

Oogenesis

The formation of the ovum (mature female gamete) from undifferentiated germ cells is called oogenesis. This process takes place in the ovaries (female gonads). Oogenesis consists of three stages known as the multiplication phase, growth phase, and maturation phase. 

Cell Division

Cell division involves the formation of new daughter cells from the parent cells. It is a part of the cell cycle that takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Cell division is required for three main reasons: