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How would you modify this experiment so that the mass lifted by the muscle contraction continues to increase for every trial?
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- Muscle Contraction In an experiment, the strength of a neural stimulus and the resulting muscle contraction are compared. A single motor neuron that synapses with one muscle fibre is observed in this experiment. One end of the muscle fibre is attached to a mass. The following data were obtained from the experiment. Number of Trials Strength of Stimulus (mV) Mass Lifted by Muscle Contraction (g) 1 20 0 2 40 0 3 60 50 4 80 50 5 100 Not Tested 6 120 50 *note that the voltage applied is positive in order to raise potential from resting to threshold Identify the manipulated, responding and controlled variables in the experiment described above. Strength of Stimulus Number of Muscle Fibre Stimulated Mass Lifted by Muscle ContractionThe single-fiber twitch experiments shown here were generated by stimulating the muscle cell membranes to threshold with an electrode and measuring the resulting action potential and force. How would the results differ if Ca21 were removed from the extracellular solution just before the electrical stimulus was applied?The motor unit firing patterns are measured in a human hand muscle using an electromyography (EMG) recording. Which one of the following statements is the best description of the EMG pattern observed as the individual voluntarily attempts to make a low-level force of contraction in the muscle and steadily increases the force of contraction? Low amplitude spikes visible on the EMG trace at low force. Larger amplitude spikes become visible with increasing force of contraction. Low frequency of small amplitude spikes on the EMG trace at low force. Spike frequency and amplitude increase with increasing force. A large single deflection in the trace as the individual contracts the muscle. The deflection gets larger with increasing force. Low frequency of spikes on the EMG trace at low force. The frequency of spikes becomes more frequent with increasing force.
- An effector neuron is a motor neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to an effector (muscle or gland).In an experiment, it was determined that the effector neuron for muscle fibre 1 had a threshold level of –5 mV. The effector neuron for muscle fibre 2 had a threshold level of –16 mV. An electrical probe was used to stimulate these two effector neurons of the muscle fibres. Which of the following rows correctly identifies the reaction of each muscle fibre based on the applied stimulus voltage? Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –20 mV Relaxed Contracted b. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –20 mV Contracted Relaxed c. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –10 mV Contracted Relaxed d. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –10 mV Relaxed ContractedDetermine the isoelectric point of myofibrillar proteins here in this experimental dataThe sliding-filament model of skeletal-muscle contraction assumes a sliding or slipping of interdigitating filaments of actin and myosin. Electron micrographs show that during contraction the actin and my-osin filaments remain of constant length while the distance between Z lines shortens. Explain how this happens in terms of the molecular structure of the muscle filaments. What is the role of regulatory pro-teins (troponin and tropomyosin) in contraction?
- Describe the movement of myosin along an actin filament. Outline the primary molecular steps and explain how this process is used by cells. How many actin monomers within an actin filament would a myosin molecule need to ratchet in order to contract a cell by approximately 1 um? How fast could a non-muscle cell make this contraction compared to a muscle cell if the relative rates of myosin walks on F-actin are 4.5 um/sec and 0.04 um/sec for myosin II and I respectively?Muscle Contraction In an experiment, the strength of a neural stimulus and the resulting muscle contraction are compared. A single motor neuron that synapses with one muscle fiber is observed in this experiment. One end of the muscle fiber is attached to a mass. The following data was obtained from the experiment. *attached document is chart with data 1. Does the data in the table provide sufficient evidence of the value for the threshold potential? Why or why not 2.a) A student remarked that at 180 mV of stimulus, it is expected that 100 g mass is lifted by the muscle fiber.b)Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not? 3.Identify the manipulated, responding and controlled variables in the experiment described above a) strength of stimulus ________ (manipulated, responding, or controlled) b) number of mucsle fibre stimulated _____ (maniuplated, repsonding, or controlled) c) mass lifted by muscle contraction ______ (manipulated, responding or controlled) 4. How would you modify this…4) You set up an experiment using an isolated mouse muscle-nerve preparation.a. Draw the force traces (used to measure the force of contraction using a force transducer) you wouldexpect to get if you stimulated the nerve at 3 different lengths: 1) slack, 2) the normal length of the musclein the body, and 3) stretched past a length the muscle could ever experience in a mouse. If the force tracesare different explain why. (Hint: refer back to the length-tension relationship)b. Draw the nerve signals you would record from a Group Ia muscle spindle afferent at each of those 3lengths. If the 3 conditions are different explain why. (Hint: refer back to the function of the musclespindle
- What do you think is the muscarinic receptor subtype that has a greater role in generating contractions in human detrusor smooth muscle (M2 or M3)? Propose further experiments that would support your answer.The electrochemical gradient of a muscle cell at rest or its resting membrane potential is slightly negative inside the plasma membrane and slightly positive just outside the plasma membrane and has an ionic gradient of more potassium ions inside the cell and more sodium ions outside the cell. Therefore, a muscle cell at rest is said to be __________________ and has membrane potential. about to exocytose synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine polarized experiencing an action potential about to allow an influx of potassium ions into the cell depolarizedDefine the all-or-none principle. The same student remarked that at 180 mV stimulus, it is expected that 100 g mass is lifted by the muscle fibre. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?