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- Studies have shown that there are significant differences in cancer rates among different ethnic groups. For example, the Japanese have very high rates of colon cancer but very low rates of breast cancer. It has also been demonstrated that when members of low-risk ethnic groups move to high-risk areas, their cancer risks rise to those of the high-risk area. For example, Japanese who live in the United States, where the risk of breast cancer is high, have higher rates of breast cancer than do Japanese who live in Japan. What are some of the possible explanations for this phenomenon? What factors may explain why the Japanese have higher rates of colon cancer than do other ethnic groups?Cancer is a major public health problem. Both inherited genes and environmental factors play a role in the development of cancer. Associations have also been documented between environmental pollutants and cancer. In general, cancers caused by occupational or environmental exposures are pathologically and clinically indistinguishable from other cancers. However, some cancers have a very high probability of being occupationally related, such as angiosarcoma of the liver due to vinyl chloride exposure, and mesothelioma from asbestos fiber exposure. Documentation of exposures that cause cancer relies heavily on epidemiological studies. Unfortunately, there are complicating factors, such as the long latency period before the cancers are actually diagnosed, well after many other workers had already been exposed. Therefore, what must the prevention of occupational and environmental cancers rely upon to predict effects on humans and establish limits for human exposure?Explain the following statements in 4-6 lines Multi-step tumor progression helps to explain familial polyposis.
- Explain molecular changes involved in the development of neoplasia provide examples provide steps.Highly frequent menstrual cycles may be the cause of several cancers. is this statement true or falseBoth genes and environmental factors contribute to cancer. Prostate cancer is 39 times more common among people from Utah than among people from Shanghai. Briefly outline how you might determine whether these differences in the incidence of prostate cancer are due to differences in the genetic makeup of the two populations or to differences in their environments.
- Please discuss the difference between cancers caused by tumor viruses and cancers caused by oncogenes. Does the etiology of a cancer influence its manifestation?Can you explain the following? about the disease process of lung cancer Cigarette use, exposure to carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, also in environmental pollutants, such as asbestos, radon, and industrial chemicals, or genetic predisposition. Induces genetic mutation in the DNA of lung cells, leading to initiation of the cancerous process. Expansion of mutated cells. Mutated cells begin to grow and divide uncontrollably forming abnormal cells known as tumors. Tumors can be classified as small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tumor invades nearby tissues (Lung tissue, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.) Cause structural damage. Cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and travel through bloodstream or lymphatic system to the parts of the body. (Common sites of metastasis liver, bones, brain and lung tissues. Tumor stimulates the formation of new blood vessels to supply it with nutrients and oxygen, supporting its continued growth. Cancer cells can…The chapter points out that about one of every five women and one of every four men in the United States will die from cancer. Why arerates of death from cancer different in men and women? Provide some possible explanations. 3. A couple has one child with bilateral retinoblastoma. The mother is free from cancer, but the father has unilateral retinoblastoma and he has a brother who has bilateral retinoblastoma. a. If the couple has another child, what is the probability that this next child will have retinoblastoma? b. If the next child has retinoblastoma, is it likely to be bilateral or unilateral? c. Explain why the father’s case of retinoblastoma is unilateral, whereas his son’s and brother’s cases are bilateral
- Pick one initial of TNM cancer staging and identify what the different stages are and what they mean.Briefly explain the role of genetic testing and the following inherited gene mutations linked to breast cancer: ATM BRCA1andBRCA2 BRIP 1 CDH1 CHEK2 PALB2 PTEN STK11 TP53The decision by some high-risk women to have their breasts removed to prevent the possibility of developing cancer could be a truly life-altering decision. At first glance, this decision could make sense for those women who are at elevated risk due to genetic or family history factors. Counter that with living in a society that seems to be moving toward even greater obsession with female breasts at earlier ages (e.g., breast implants for 16th birthdays!) Learn more about oncogenes and breast cancer.: What are the benefits of learning you have a gene that may lead to cancer? What are the disadvantages of receiving such knowledge?
