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- A railroad can operate zero, one, or two trains a day along a certain stretch of track that borders a farmer’s field, but the trains occasionally emit sparks that set fire to the crops. The following table shows the railroad’s total profit and the farmer’s total fire damage (both in dollars) as functions of the number of trains. (Please show step by step on the math) No of trains RR's profit Farmer's fire damage 0 0 0 1 150 100 2 200 125 A. What is the socially optimal number of trains? B. Assume bargaining costs between the railroad and farmer are zero. Describe the outcome when: i. The railroad has the right to operate any number of trains, protected by a property rule. ii. The farmer has the right to be free from crop damage, protected by a property rule. C. Assume bargaining costs between the railroad and the farmer are high. Describe the outcome when: i. The railroad has the right to operate any number of trains, protected by a…Assume that the market for tradable emissions permits by power plants has been operating efficiently for severalyears. An engineering firmthen invents a lower cost device for pollution abatement. What happens to theequilibrium market price of a tradable permit, and why? Draw a supply and demand diagram, with a fixedsupply of pollution permits, along with your answer.Has the socially optimal amount of pollution increasedor decreased? ExplainHarold smokes cigarettes but his office mate Kumar hates smoking. Harold and Kumar havethe following utility functions:UH = 100 + 10z – 0.1z2UK = 100 – 10z,where z is the number of cigarettes smoked by Harold (and UH includes the cost of cigarettes).Determine:a. The number of cigarettes smoked by Harold when the external effect on Kumar is ignored;b. The socially optimal number of cigarettes smoked. To find the socially optimal numberof cigarettes smoked, we create a social welfare function (SWF). The SWF is definedas the sum of Harold’s utility and Kumar’s utility. Using this approach, find the sociallyoptimal level of cigarettes that should be smoked by Harold;c. The Pigouvian tax needed to reach this social optimum;d. The outcome with Coasian bargaining when the property right is assigned Harold;e. The outcome with Coasian bargaining when the property right is assigned to Kumar.
- please solve d and e Imagine a country XYZ that produces only two goods—chairs and tables. Together, the chairs and tablesindustries use all of the economy’s factors of production. The table below shows the productionpossibilities for XYZ:Production Possibilities for XYZChairs Tables600 0450 150300 250150 325 0 375a. Draw a Production Possibility Frontier for the country using the information in tableabove. b. What is the opportunity cost of increasing chairs production from 450 chairs to 600chairs?c. What is the opportunity cost of increasing tables production from 250 tables to 325tables?d. Plot the point denoting 300 chairs and 300 tables on your graph above. Is this point“feasible”? Why or why not?e. Plot the point denoting 300 chairs and 50 tables on your graph above. Should XYZ beproducing at this point? Why or why not?Assume you like to drive but dislike pollution (who says economists lackunderstanding of reality!).(a) On a graph with pollution on the vertical axis, draw your indifferencecurves between driving (in miles) and pollution (in globs of pollution).Be sure to indicate the direction of increasing utility.(b) Suppose that for every 10 miles you drive, you always must breathin exactly 1 unit of pollution. Draw this as a “budget constraint".(Hint: here are some points on the constraint: (0,0), (10,1), etc...)(c) Illustrate graphically where the optimal consumption bundle will liewith an appropriately drawn indifference curve.(d) Under what circumstances would the optimal bundle contain zeropollution. Again, draw this possibility on a graph. Answer all fourImagine a country XYZ that produces only two goods—chairs and tables. Together, the chairs and tablesindustries use all of the economy’s factors of production. The table below shows the productionpossibilities for XYZ:Production Possibilities for XYZChairs Tables600 0450 150300 250150 325 0 375a. Draw a Production Possibility Frontier for the country using the information in tableabove. b. What is the opportunity cost of increasing chairs production from 450 chairs to 600chairs?c. What is the opportunity cost of increasing tables production from 250 tables to 325tables?d. Plot the point denoting 300 chairs and 300 tables on your graph above. Is this point“feasible”? Why or why not?e. Plot the point denoting 300 chairs and 50 tables on your graph above. Should XYZ beproducing at this point? Why or why not?
- what is an externality? give an example of a postiive externality and an example of negative externalityTwo towns, each with three residents, are decidingwhether to put on a fireworks display to celebrate theNew Year. Fireworks cost $360. In each town, somepeople enjoy fireworks more than others.a. In the town of Bayport, each of the residentsvalues the public good as follows:Frank $50Joe $100Callie $300Would fireworks pass a cost–benefit analysis?Explain.b. The mayor of Bayport proposes to decide bymajority rule and, if the fireworks referendumpasses, to split the cost equally among allresidents. Who would vote in favor, and whowould vote against? Would the vote yield thesame answer as the cost–benefit analysis?c. In the town of River Heights, each of the residentsvalues the public good as follows:Nancy $20Bess $140Ned $160Would fireworks pass a cost–benefit analysis?Explain.d. The mayor of River Heights also proposes todecide by majority rule and, if the fireworksreferendum passes, to split the cost equallyamong all residents. Who would vote in favor,and who would vote against? Would…Q4. (a) If you are a firm owner who is operating in the perfect competitive market, you areproducing socially efficient outcome. Does it imply that your profits are zero? If you become amonopolist then why do you deviate from the socially efficient outcome? b) In Delhi, as the winter season is approaching, how will it affect the demand function and themarket equilibrium of sweater market? Now after that if the price of wool increases how will themarket equilibrium be affected?
- In competitive markets, we know that: P= MWTP P= MC MC= AC P= Min AC Which result(s) implies that the outcome is socially optimal?Consider a common resource good like a free camping ground next to a lake. a. What is the inefficient outcome generated in this example if the quantity of people using the camping ground was determined by a free market relative to the social optimum? What causes this inefficient outcome? b. Propose one way in which to solve the inefficient outcome described above.a) If the total benefits to society of achieving some specific level of pollution control aresignificantly greater than the total costs to society of doing so, will it necessarily beeconomically efficient (socially optimal) to do so? Explain your answer with words and agraph.b) In March 2011, the US EPA issued a report that looked at the results of the Clean Air Actfrom 1990 to 2020 (see: http://www.epa.gov/air/sect812/prospective2.html). This reviewfound that in the central estimate of the CAA’s impact, benefits exceeded costs by a ratio of30 to 1. This leads some environmental policy commentators to conclude that the EPA hadnot gone far enough in reducing air pollution. Under what conditions would a benefit costratio of 30:1 imply that it would be economically efficient to further reduce air pollutionunder the CAA? Assuming the EPA’s benefit-cost estimate is correct, is it possible that itcould actually be economically efficient to loosen, rather than strengthen, air…