In a population of beetles carapace color is determined by a single gene with two alleles: Beetles homozygous for one allele have brown bodies; homozygotes of the other allele have green bodies; heterozygotes have green bodies with brown spots. In a sample of 1000 beetles there were 60 brown, 260 green, and 680 green with brown spots. What are the expected phenotype frequencies? O 0.16 brown, 0.36 green, 0.48 green with brown spots. O 0.06 brown, 0.26 green, 0.68 green with brown spots. 0.36 brown, 0.16 green, 0.48 green with brown spots. O 0.16 brown, 0.36 green, 0.24 green with brown spots.
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- How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in Populations? In a population where the females have the allelic frequencies A = 0.35 and a = 0.65 and the frequencies for males are A = 0.1 and a = 0.9, how many generations will it take to reach HardyWeinberg equilibrium for both the allelic and the genotypic frequencies? Assume random mating and show the allelic and genotypic frequencies for each generation.Using the HardyWeinberg Law in Human Genetics Suppose you are monitoring the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the MN blood group locus (see Question 2 for a description of the MN blood group) in a small human population. You find that for 1-year-old children, the genotypic frequencies are MM = 0.25, MN = 0.5, and NN = 0.25, whereas the genotypic frequencies for adults are MM = 0.3, MN = 0.4, and NN = 0.3. a. Compute the M and N allele frequencies for 1-year-olds and adults. b. Are the allele frequencies in equilibrium in this population? c. Are the genotypic frequencies in equilibrium?In some populations of grasses, the ability to grow in soil sprayed with a certain herbicide is a dominant trait determined by the allele "R". In a population at genetic equilibrium, 91% of the seeds can germinate in sprayed soil. What are the frequencies of "R" and "r"? What percentage of the plant that germinates in the soil will be heterozygotes?
- . In pea plants, height is controlled by a Dominant Allele (T) for Tall Height and by a Recessive Allele (t) for Short Height. If 96% of a population of pea plants have the tall phenotype, calculate the frequencies of dominant allele (T) & recessive (t) alleles. Out of the 96%, what is the estimation of how many are homozygous dominant vs. heterozygous? What is the frequency of the recessive phenotype?In corn, yellow kernel color is governed by a dominant allele for white color, W, and by its recessive allele, w, . A random sample of 100 kernels from a population that is in equilibrium reveals that 9 are yellow and 91 are white. What are the frequencies of the yellow and white alleles in this population? What is the percentage of the heterozygotes?Butterflies show 3 phenotypes due to incomplete dominance at the D locus with alleles DY and DB giving green phenotype in heterozygotes and yellow and blue in homozygotes a) A population of butterflies showed 49% yellow, and 51% blue and green. What percentage of the gametes for the next generation would contain the DB allele? b) In another population only 1% of the butterflies are blue, What is the DY allele frequency? c) If the butterflies were subject to predation by birds that could easily detect blue & yellow individuals what effect would you expect this to have on the genotype and allele frequencies over time? Indicate possible percentages.
- Let’s suppose that pigmentation in a species of insect is controlled by a single gene existing in two alleles, D for dark and d for light. The heterozygote Dd is intermediate in color. In a heterogeneous environment, the allele frequencies are D = 0.7 and d = 0.3. This polymorphism is maintained because the environment has some dimly lit forested areas and some sunny fields. During a hurricane, a group of 1000 insects is blown to a completely sunny area. In this environment, the fitness values are DD = 0.3, Dd = 0.7, and dd = 1.0. Calculate the allele frequencies in the next generation.In a population of plants, leaf hairiness is determined by a single locus with two alleles: H and h. Out of 319 individuals in the population, 25 % are completely hairy, 9 % are partially hairy, and the remaining are hairless. Complete hairiness is caused by homozygosity of the H allele at a single locus; hairlessness is caused by homozygosity of the h allele at that locus; heterozygotes are partially hairy. What is the expected (predicted under H–W) number of individuals with partially hairy leaves?If the Hardy-Weinberg equation enables us to use information on genotype and allele frequencies to predict the genotype frequencies of the next generation. In a population of 100,000 people carrying the recessive allele a for albinism, there are: 100 aa albinos and 1800 Aa heterozygous carriers. What is a frequency of heterozygous carriers in the next generation? Calculate the frequency for the A allele and a allele. How this will chance the frequency of alleles in a population for the following generation?
- Butterflies show 3 phenotypes due to incomplete dominance at the D locus with alleles DY and DB giving green phenotype in heterozygotes and yellow and blue in homozygotes A population of butterflies showed 49% yellow, and 51% blue and green. What percentage of the gametes for the next generation would contain the DB allele? In another population only 1% of the butterflies are blue, what is the DY allele frequency? If the butterflies were subject to predation by birds that could easily detect blue & yellow individuals what effect would you expect this to have on the genotype and allele frequencies over time? Indicate possible percentages.In a container/tub, place 50 pieces of red paper, 50 pieces of pink paper, and 50 pieces of white paper. Let us assume that each color is the phenotypic expression of the genotypes homozygous dominant AA (red), heterozygous Aa (pink), and homozygous recessive aa (white). Without looking, randomly pick 20 pieces of paper from your container/tub and assume that those individuals died upon picking, thus will be removed from your population. a. What will happen to your genotypic and allelic frequencies if 10 white individuals leave your gene pool and 10 red individuals immigrated to your gene pool? b. What will happen to your genotypic and allelic frequencies if by accident, all 33 red (AA) individuals were wiped out by a catastrophe?In a certain population of frogs, 120 are green, 60 are brownish-green, and 20 are brown. The allele for brown is denoted GB, and the allele for green is designated GG. These two alleles are incompletely dominant to each other. What is the frequency of genotype GGGG in this population?