In eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is the main process by which new gene combinations are generated. How do bacteria generate new gene combinations in the absence of sexual reproduction?

Q: What makes up a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)?

A: Artificial chromosomes are cloning vectors, which contain the DNA sequence elements that are…

Q: What is the difference between genetic horizontal gene transfers: transformation, transduction,…

A: Horizontal  gene transfer is the movement of genetic information between unicellular and…

Q: What is the importance of Chromosome Remodeling for the biological processes?

A: In the cell nucleus, the DNA chain is wrapped around a histone protein.  This complex of DNA chain…

Q: Considering prokaryotes, what is the enzyme that removes the RNA primer and replaces it with newly…

A: RNA primer is used in initial priming to then later on DNA ligase can not seal the nick between the…

Q: What is the role of sex pili during conjugation?

A: When genetic information is transferred from donor cell to recipient cell with the help of a bridge…

Q: How Does Normal Yeast Genes Can Be Replaced with Mutant Alleles by Homologous Recombination?

A: The process of recombination aids in the process of replacement of certain genes in the recombinant…

Q: How do the following genomic features of prokaryotic organisms compare with those of eukaryotic…

A: Cells are the fundamental units of life. All living organisms are made up of one or many cells. The…

Q: Contrast the size of the single chromosome in bacteriophage l and T2 with that of E. coli. How does…

A: The bacteriophage is the virus that uses bacterial cells as the host.

Q: How was it determined that DNA resides in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?

A: Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The cell forms the basis of life. Inside the…

Q: Why does transposition always produce direct repeats in the chromosomalDNA?

A: Transposable elements are something ubiquitious present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and they are…

Q: What is mutation in yeast?

A: Yeast is a eukaryotic unicellular organism that belongs to the kingdom Fungi. These organisms are…

Q: What is the function of a pseudogene? Why do pseudogenes exist?

A: A gene is a term that refers to the specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)…

Q: Describe the unique feature that occurs exclusively in the gene regulation of eukaryotes.

A: Gene regulation is the process of controlling which genes in a cell's DNA are expressed (used to…

Q: Which genomes are larger, those of chloroplasts orthose of mitochondria? How does your genome…

A: Genome refers to the complete set of the DNA (Deoxy ribonucleic acid) of an organism).

Q: What are some reasons why, in multicellular eukaryotes, genome size is not necessarily related to…

A: Plants, animals, and microbes constitute the living world. The organisms, based on the cell type,…

Q: What are master genes? Explain why they are not present in prokaryotes.

A: Genes are a set of instructions that define how an organism looks, how it lives, and how it…

Q: What percentage of the DNA sites in yeast are accessible, assuming that the fraction of sites…

A: Yeasts are the microorganism that come under kingdom fungi. Yeast are usually single celled.

Q: Please explain the steps of horizontal gene transfer or conjugation.

A: Horizontal transfer or lateral gene transfer involves the genetic material transfer between…

Q: what is Interrupted mating in bacteria?

A: The process by which a bacterium transfers its genetic material to another bacterium through direct…

Q: What types of sequences do eukaryote genomes have and how do these sequences differ from prokaryotic…

A: Eukaryotic genome : - they contain one or more linear DNA chromosomes. - in nucleus, they have…

Q: Among the mechanisms of gene transfer in bacteria, which one is capable of transferring the largest…

A: There are three methods of gene transfer in bacteria.TransformationTransductionConjugation

Q: What is the difference between a paralog and an ortholog?

A: Phylogeny: It is the study of relationships among different organisms and their evolutionary…

Q: With respect to F+ and F- bacterial matings, answer the following questions: (a) How was it…

A: It is located majorly inside the nucleus. It can exist in three different forms based on the…

Q: Why are some eukaryotic genomes so large?

A: Eukaryotes are organisms with membrane-bound organelles in their cells.

Q: How can the same modification of the standard genetic code happen in two organelle genomes…

A: Introduction: Sequence of nucleotides that make DNA or RNA is called gene which is responsible for…

Q: What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?

A: Cell division is a vital life process, which is essential for an organism to grow, and develop.…

Q: Why is the mutation rate so muchhigher in mitochondria than in thenucleus (and chloroplasts)? Could…

A: The physical and functional unit of heredity is that the gene. They die knowledge from one…

Q: What is a genome? Describe the following terms/structures as they pertain to a eukaryotic genome:…

A: In genetics, the eukaryotic genome is more advanced than the prokaryotic genome. It consists of…

Q: Why do we call some bacteria partially diploid?

A: A diploid cell have two copies of all the genes present on two complete sets of chromosomes. When a…

Q: Does reproductive cloning always involve somatic cell nuclear transfer?

A: Gene cloning refers to the cloning fo genes through various techniques. These copies of genes can be…

Q: What is the radioactive decay process of Isotype IgA?

A: Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules, which are produced by the plasma cells. They act as a…

Q: How would you contrast gene regulation in prokaryotes with that in eukaryotes?

A: Genes are the stretch of DNA that code for a polypeptide chain.

Q: How are the chromosomes of prokaryotes different from eukaryotes?

A: Introduction: Chromosomes are the condensed form of chromatin present in the nucleus of the cells.…

Q: draw a Conjugation diagram

A: The transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell by direct contact…

Q: Some retrotransposons and retroviruses integrate preferentially into regions of the chromosome that…

A:

Q: If transmission of genetic information from cell to cell is normally achieved by copying the…

A: Introduction: Nucleic acids are one of the major molecules comprised of a nitrogenous base, a sugar…

Q: Why do human germ cells (cells that undergo meiosis to produce gametes) express the enzyme…

A: Cell division is a process of a parent cell replicating it chromosomal content and dividing itself…

Q: What are Yeast artificial chromosomes?

A:

Q: What is retrograde?

A: Introduction  The proteins which are formed by the ribosomes attached over the ER are transported to…

Q: Is conjugation a vertical gene transfer?

A: The transfer of genetic material between cells is divided into two major categories, namely…

Q: Why do you suppose that horizontal gene transfer is more prevalent in single-celled organisms than…

A: Introduction The exchange of genetic material between individuals of different species is referred…

Q: How many copies of the genome does a haploid yeast cell have?

A: Yeast cells are members of the kingdom Fungus. They are single celled, eukaryotic microorganisms.…

Genetic Recombination

Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.

Microbial Genetics

Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.