In some countries, such as Canada and UK, direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising for pharmaceutical products is illegal or tightly controlled. Which of the following is NOT a reason why DTC is tightly controlled? DTC have the potential to drive up spending on drugs and exacerbate moral hazard. DTC makes patients aware of new remedies. DTC can put a strain on doctor-patient relationship when patients demand some drugs that are not necessary or not the best options. Asymmetric information: consumers are not in a good position to determine if a drug is what they need.
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- Demand studies in health care have provided estimates of both income and price elasticity. Estimates of income elasticity are usually above +1.0. Estimates of price elasticity typically range between -0.1 and -.75 (with hospital services at the lower end and elective services at the upper end). What information do these estimates convey? What does the price elasticity of demand estimates imply for government policymakers, insurance companies, and medical providers' decisions? What does the income elasticity of demand estimates imply for government policymakers, insurance companies, and medical providers' decisions?Suppose you are collecting data from a country like Japan where the government sets the price of healthcare. Each prefecture in Japan has a different set of prices (for example, Tokyo has higher prices than rural Hokkaido). Data for 1999 are displayed in the table below. Region Outpatient Visits per Month Price per Visit Tokyo 1.25 25 Hokkaido 1.75 15 (4 points) What is the arc price elasticity of demand for health care consumers in Japan (using only these data)? (4 points) Suppose that incomes are generally much higher in Tokyo than Hokkaido. Is your answer to the last question an overestimate or underestimate of price elasticity? Justify your answer. (c) (4 points) Using your estimated elasticity, what would the demand for health care be if the price in Tokyo were raised to 30 per visit? What would the demand in Hokkaido be if the price were lowered to 5 per visit?Suppose that there are two countries, Beta and Gamma. Suppose further that everyone in country Beta is on Insurance B and everyone in country Gamma is on Insurance G. Suppose further that both governments use government-set price controls. In 2005, country Beta decided to change the reimbursement rate for pharmaceuticals, but country Gamma did not make this change. You, a researcher, want to study the effect of offering coverage for this drug had an impact on health expenditures. You have average health expenditures for State Beta and Gamma prior to 2005 and post-2005. Using the information in the table below, a quick difference-in-difference calculation suggests covering this drug ____ health expenditures by approximately ____. State Time Periods Pre-2005 Post-2005 State Beta $1000 $1400 State Gamma $1500 $1700 a. decreased; $400 b. increased; $200 c. increased; $400 d. decreased; $200
- Suppose that there are two countries, Beta and Gamma. Suppose further that everyone in country Beta is on Insurance B and everyone in country Gamma is on Insurance G. Suppose further that both governments use government-set price controls. In 2005, country Beta decided to change the reimbursement rate for pharmaceuticals, but country Gamma did not make this change. You, a researcher, want to study the effect of offering coverage for this drug had an impact on health expenditures. You have average health expenditures for State Beta and Gamma prior to 2005 and post-2005. Using your finding from the question above, you can infer that country Beta likely _____ reimbursement rates for pharmaceutical drugs. State Time Periods Pre-2005 Post-2005 State Beta $1000 $1400 State Gamma $1500 $1700 a. lower b. did not change c. raisedThe AMA has been actively involved in shaping the regulation of nursing and other health care practioners. What are the arguments for and against the AMA determining the scope of legitimate activities for other health care practitioners?explain what implications physician-induced demand has for healthcare policy
- There have been shifts in policy regarding the regulation of managed care organizations intended to protect the consumer from rationed care. Are current regulations working or are they adding to already too much regulation and associated cost of providing healthcare in the U.S.?Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.In the RAND HIE, the arc elasticity of demand for inpatient care was larger (in absolute value) than the arc elasticity of demand for outpatient care.What are three detailed reasons why healthcare has negative macroeconomic implications in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic?
- Based on the data presented in the table below estimate elasticity of demand for two price changes: a) price increase from $3 to $9 per hour; and b) price decrease from $9 to $3 per hour. Make sure to use the midpoint formula. Price Per Hour of Therapy Demand for Therapy 0 16 1 15 2 14 3 13 4 12 5 11 6 10 7 9 8 8 9 7 10 6 11 5 12 4 13 3 14 2 15 1 16 0Explain in your own words the concept of economic incentives in healthcare and provide an example (for each) of positive and negative direct incentives.In some countries, such as Canada and UK, direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising for pharmaceutical products is illegal or tightly controlled. Which of the following is NOT a reason why DTC is tightly controlled? Question 7 options: Asymmetric information: consumers are not in a good position to determine if a drug is what they need. DTC makes patients aware of new remedies. DTC can put a strain on doctor-patient relationship when patients demand some drugs that are not necessary or not the best options. DTC have the potential to drive up spending on drugs and exacerbate moral hazard.