In the great southern city of Picenium, the government runs a contractionary fiscal policy, and the central bank runs an expansionary monetary policy. Using an IS/LM model, explain the combined effect that this contractionary fiscal policy (assume G decreases, but T is constant) and expansionary monetary policy have on the economy. Be sure to explain all the underlying mechanisms, and if output and interest rates are higher/lower or indeterminate after the changes in policies.
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- Please explain the differences between: Expansionary fiscal policyExpansionary monetary policy Contractionary fiscal policyContractionary monetary policyUse AD and AS curves to explain the effects on the equilibrium price level and equilibrium level of output in the short run.(a) An expansionary fiscal policy with the economy operating near full capacity. (b) A contractionary monetary policy during a period of high unemployment and excess industrial capacity. (c) A strong hurricane destroys energy plants which cause energy prices to increase, assuming that the Fed attempts to keep interest rates constant by accommodating inflation. (d) The federal government pursues a contractionary fiscal policy while the Fed acts to keep output from falling.What is the advantage of monetary policy over fiscal policy? O. Monetary policy can be implemented faster than fiscal policy O. Once implemented, the effect of monetary policy can be realized faster than fiscal policy O. The monetary policy affecting Investment category, which is more flexible than the Consumption and Government expenditure category O. Monetary policy is more effective at reducing the recessionary/inflationary gap
- What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy? Provide at least three examples of monetary policy? Provide at least three examples of fiscal policy? Give an example of monetary and fiscal policy from the past year in response to Covid?It’s probably fair to say that for many years fiscal policy has been the poor relation to monetary policy in macroeconomic policy making circles. Now it is back in vogue. In their recent assessment of the economic impact of the pandemic, the World Bank (p56, 2021) concluded, for advanced economies such as the United Kingdom (UK), that, “With monetary policy increasingly constrained, fiscal policy has taken on a critical role in macroeconomic stabilization during the crisis, delivering unprecedented stimulus in 2020 in the form of cash transfers and income support to households and firms.” Firstly, explain how monetary and fiscal policy is implemented and how they can be used to influence GDP and the price level. Secondly, the quotation above highlights the unprecedented use that has been made of fiscal policy in countries such as the UK during the crisis. Briefly consider whether fiscal policy will remain the key policy instrument in these sorts of countries in the near future.Let’s study the crowding-out effect which is triggered by a discretionary fiscal policy. How does a temporary increase in government purchase affect the interest rate based on the money supply-demand model? Why? Suppose we are having stagflation because of a supply shock. Please show the temporary increase in government purchases can restore the long-run macroeconomic equilibrium using a graph. What is the meaning of the crowding-out effect? Please show the short-run crowding out effect using a graph.
- The monetary transmission mechanism can be depicted in the form of a graphor using symbols. 3,1 Explain, with the aid of symbols, the monetary transmission mechanism wheninterest rates increase(Note: Prices and wages are variable.) Q.3.2 Explain, using the AD‐AS model, how the South African Government can usefiscal policy as a tool to recover from the negative effects of this COVID‐19pandemic. Your answer must include the following: The description of the type of fiscal policy required; An explanation of how the implementation of this tool will work their waythrough the economy to achieve the desired effect; The AD‐AS graph showing the implications of your recommendations.Use an open-economy ISLM framework to graph and explain the overall effect of expansionary fiscal policy on y and r in an economy characterized by a relatively interest-sensitive money demand function. Also consider the impact of this policy on the distribution of output among spending sectors.Exercise 1 a) Use the equation for the circular flow of the real economy to give an overview of thedemand side components and tie players in the macroeconomy to each of thesecomponents.b) How can you use the equation for the circular flow to discuss the effect of fiscal policyand monetary policy?c) As a follow up from part b), discuss the statement: “During the pandemic, expansionarymonetary policy did not boost the economy as expected”.d) For the following two cases, use the equation for the real interest rate to give anexample for each case using numbers for real interest rate, nominal interest rateand inflation. Explain each number you select.Case 1: A situation where it is a real cost if you borrow money.Case 2: A situation where it is a real gain if you borrow money.e) Let GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as a simplification, only be one good, apples. Find theGDP deflator if nominal GDP = 100 and real GDP = 20 and explain these three numbersusing apples as an example.f) As a follow up…
- The following parameters describe the structure of a hypothetical economy: Autonomous consumption=240 Autonomous investment=1000 Autonomous taxes=100 Autonomous government expenditure=400 Real money supply (M/P)=600 Tax rate=0.25 Marginal propensity to consume=0.8 Interest elasticity of investment=50 Interest elasticity of demand for money=62.5 Income elasticity of demand for money=0.25 a) Determine and explain the relative effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies and State the values of the fiscal and monetary policy multipliers if the economy is in a liquidity trap. Explain. b) Use your answer in part a) above to determine equilibrium income and interest rate. c) If government expenditure is increased by 150 units, show how equilibrium interest rate and equilibrium income will change. Can you determine the extent to which investment is crowded out as a result? Explain.Determine how each of the following monetary or fiscal policy would shift the aggregate demand curve. Illustrate and explain the following effect. a. Assuming the economy is currently producing above the full employment output, the government decided to increase the personal income tax as a form of contractionary fiscal policy. Illustrate and explain the effect of the policy using AD-AS curve. b. With the recession due to COVID-19, the central bank has decided to lower down discount rates and reserve requirements of the commercial bank. Illustrate and explain the effect of the policy using AD-AS curve.Explain and discuss contactionary fiscal policy and contactionary monetary policy with IS-LM graphs and explain its affects on consumption, aggregate demand .