Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder ankylosing spondylitis than individuals with a different HLA allele at this locus. Which of the following is the conclusion of the above statement? Select one:
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- The expression of MHC class II molecules is restricted to a small number of cell types. A. What are these cell types? B. Which of these cell types populate the thymus or circulate through it, and what role do they play in mediating positive and/or negative selection? C. Can you explain why it would be detrimental for noncirculating cells that populate tissues and glands to express MHC class II molecules?in several populations, SNPs were genotyped for the major histocompatibility class (MHC) II region in a large number of human couples. Each individual was compared with another random individual of the opposite sex and a mean relatedness coefficient calculated, where a positive value indicates more related than average. This was repeated 100,000 times and the results were plotted as a blue histogram for each population. The mean measure of relatedness at the MHC class II region was then calculated for actual couples, and plotted as a red vertical line. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Couples in the UK are more dissimilar at the MHC than couples in Spain B. Couples in the Netherlands are more dissimilar at the MHC than couples in Israel C. Couples in the Netherlands are more similar at the MHC than couples in Israel D. There is less diversity at the MHC class II region between the individuals from Belgium compared to between the…If there is a problem with somatic hypermutation in the germinal center, does this affect isotype switching from IgM to IgG for the B cells?
- The phenomenon of allelic exclusion ensures that B cells a. use only one V, D, and J segment during somatic recombination b. express only one type of heavy chain and one type of light chain c. do not undergo alternative splicing until cell proliferation commences d. do not secrete antibody until antigen is encountered e. carry out affinity maturation directed at heavy chains and not light chains f. derived from B-cell lymphomas are heterogeneous.Which of the following holds true if a woman carries one defective Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) allele? (Select all that apply.) a. She has no functional B cells and is therefore unable to produce antibodies. b. She will transmit the defective allele to 50% of her children. c. If her husband has a normal form of BTK, then 50% of her daughters will not be able to produce antibodies. d. Her B cells will exhibit non-random X-chromosome inactivation. e. She requires monthly injections of gamma globulin to prevent bronchiectasis.In rare instances, B cells can be found that have two immunoglobulin light chain alleles, both of which are rearranged in frame, and can encode functional light chain proteins. Yet, on the surface of the B cell, only one of the two light chain proteins is detected in the membrane-bound immunoglobulin receptor. The reason these rare cells have two functional light chain rearrangements but only express one of the two light chains as part of the B-cell receptor is: One of the two light chains is formed from rearrangement of a V gene segment that is a pseudogene. One of the two light chain proteins doesn’t form a stable complex with the heavy chain expressed in this cell. One of the two light chain alleles is not transcribed efficiently, and produces only low levels of protein. One of the two light chain alleles uses a V gene segment that is not targeted very often by the RAG recombinase. One of the two light chains is rapidly degraded after synthesis due to improper folding.
- Regarding the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is CORRECT to state that: * A) Hybridomas are cells generated from the fusion of myeloma cells and cells from animals challenged with the antigen of interest that have the ability to produce antibodies and limited cell proliferation. B) All hybrid cells generated from the fusion of cells from the challenged animal and cells of the myeloma lineage will have the ability to produce antibodies reactive against the antigen of interest. C) The HAT selection medium contains aminopterin, which is an efficient inhibitor of the thymidine kinase metabolic pathway, thus eliminating myeloma cells that are not fused or fused with other cells of the same kind. D) The HAT selection medium contains hypoxanthine, which is an efficient inhibitor of the nucleotide synthesis salvage pathway, thus eliminating cells from the challenged animal that are not fused or fused with other identical cells. E) Hybridomas will produce antibodies with the…Which of the following statements regarding the process of differential splicing of primary RNA transcripts encoding immunoglobulins is incorrect? a. It does not require rearrangement of genomic DNA sequences. b. It underlies the production of both membrane-bound IgM and IgD in naive B cells. c. It is the mechanism involved in isotype switching. d. It occurs during B-cell differentiation into plasma cells when antibodies are produced in their secreted form. e. It permits the production of different types of protein originating from the same RNA transcript.The diagram in the first figure shows simplified versions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, the T-cell receptor b chain locus, and the locus encoding the RAG-1 and RAG-2 recombinases. For the sake of this question, imagine that these diagrams represent all of the gene segments present in the immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor b chain locus. You now analyze five individuals, each of which has a single inactivating mutation in a region of one of these three loci. These mutations are each indicated by a red ‘X’ in the second figure, and are numbered 1–5. For each of these inactivating mutations, indicate the alterations and/or defects that would be seen in the repertoire of antigen receptors found in mature B and T cells in that individual. Also, for each mutation, indicate whether the individual would likely show any immunodeficiency, such as a history of recurrent infections.
- Why would be the advantage of the system described for HCMV? In other words, why would decreasing NKG2D ligands and increasing HLA-E on the cell surface be advantageous over just down-regulating the expression of class I HLA?Which of the following statements best explains why the immune system can continue to make antibodies after treatment with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab? a. New CD20-positive B cells are reconstituted so quickly that antibody concentration during and after treatment is unaffected. b. Rituximab stimulates B-cell proliferation, so for a short while after its administration there is actually an increase in antibody concentration. c. Rituximab is a mouse monoclonal antibody and therefore its Fc region is unable to bind to the surface d. Plasma cells do not express CD20 on their cell surface, and antibody production by these cells continues unhampered. e. Rituximab stimulates anti-antibody production, leading to its rapid clearance by the body.Hyper-IgE syndrome, also known as Job’s syndrome, is an immunodeficiency disease resulting from the lack of function of a single gene (gene ‘X’). Patients with this disease are highly susceptible to infections with extracellular bacteria and fungi, most frequently including Staphylococcus aureus infections and Candida albicans infections in the skin. Analysis of the various immune cell compartments indicates that these patients have normal numbers of each cell lineage (i.e., CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, granulocytes, etc.), and normal levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies, but higher than normal levels of IgE. Given this information, name a likely component of the immune response that could be impaired in these patients.