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- Given the federal budget deficit in recent years, some economists have argued mat by adjusting Social Security payments for inflation using me CPI, Social Security is warming recipients. What is their argument, and do you agree or disagree with it?1.(1)Social loss is L=(u-5)^2+(pi-2)^2Philips curve is u=6-(pi-pi_e), where pi is actual inflation rate, pi_e is expected inflation by the public.If gov't is honest, then gov't best choice of pi is: pi=___(2)Social loss is L=(u-5)^2+(pi-2)^2Philips curve is u=6-(pi-pi_e), where pi is actual inflation rate, pi_e is expected inflation by the public. If gov't is honest, then the smallest social loss possible is L=_____Suppose that an economy has a constant nominal money supply, a constant level of real output Y = 1500, and a constant real interest rate r = 0.05, and it’s expected rate of inflation is 2%, i.e, πe = .02. Suppose that the income elasticity of money demand is ηY = 0.5 and the interest elasticity of demand ηi = –0.2. (a) Suppose that Y decreases to 1425, r remains constant at 0.05 and there is no change in the expected rate of inflation. What is the percentage change in the equilibrium price level? (b) Suppose that r increases to 0.06 and Y remains at 1500. Assuming that expected inflation remains at πe = .02, what is the percentage change in the equilibrium price level? (c) Suppose that r increases to 0.06. Assuming that πe = .02, what would real output have to be for the equilibrium price level to remain at its initial value?
- a) The 1-year bond yield is currently at 0.5% and the 2-year bond yield is 1%. Inflation is expected to be 2% for the next year. i. What is the 1-year bond yield expected in one year time? ii. What is the current 1-year real interest rate? b) Consider that the central bank is deciding to raise interest rates. With the aid of an expectations modified IS-LM diagram, clearly show the impact on current output if (i) the interest rate rise is limited to 1 year and (ii) if the interest rate rise is expected to be in place for several years.Assume that next year’s wage rate will be 3 percent higher than this year’s because of inflationary expectations. The actual inflation rate is 4 percent. At the beginning of next year, will the real wage be higher, lower, or the same as today? Explain. Assume that Mark gets a fixed-rate loan from a bank when the expected inflation rate is 3 percent. If the actual inflation rate turns out to be 4 percent, who benefits from the unexpected inflation: Mark, the bank, neither, or both? Explain. How does each of the following changes affect the real gross domestic product and price level of an open economy in the short run? Explain. The depreciation of the country’s currency in the foreign exchange market.Suppose that the interest rate on a one-year Treasury bill is currently 1%and that investors expect that the interest rates on one-year Treasury bills over thenext three years will be 2%, 3%, and 2%, respectively. Suppose that the expectationshypothesis holds. Calculate the current interest rates on two-year, three-year, andfour-year Treasury notes.
- Suppose that this year’s money supply is $500 billion,nominal GDP is $10 trillion, and real GDP is $5 trillion.a. What is the price level? What is the velocity ofmoney?b. Suppose that velocity is constant and theeconomy’s output of goods and services rises by5 percent each year. What will happen to nominalGDP and the price level next year if the Fed keepsthe money supply constant?c. What money supply should the Fed set next yearif it wants to keep the price level stable?d. What money supply should the Fed set next yearif it wants inflation of 10 percent?7. Suppose that people expect inflation to equal 3%, but in fact, prices rise by 5%. Describe how this unexpectedly high inflation rate would help or hurt the following: A.) the governmentB.) a homeowner with a fixed-rate mortgageC.) a union worker in the second year of a labor contractD.) a college that has invested some of its endowment in government bondsSuppose that a country’s inflation rate increasessharply. What happens to the inflation tax on theholders of money? Why is wealth held in savingsaccounts not subject to a change in the inflationtax? Can you think of any way in which holders ofsavings accounts are hurt by the increase in inflation?
- u are considering the choice between investing $50,000 in a conventional 1-year bank CD offering an interest rate of 5% and a 1-year Inflation-Plus CD offering 1.5% per year plus the rate of inflation. Which is the safer investment? Can you tell which offers the higher expected return? If you expect the rate of inflation to be 3% over the next year, which is the better investment? Why? If we observe a risk-free nominal interest rate of 5% per year and a risk-free real rate of 1.5% on inflation-indexed bonds, can we infer that the market's expected rate of inflation is 3.5% per year?Social loss is L=(u-5)^2+(pi-2)^2Philips curve is u=7-(pi-pi_e), where pi is actual inflation rate, pi_e is expected inflation by the public. (1)If gov't is honest, then gov't should choose pi =____ (2)If gov't is sophisticated and public is naive, then gov't should announce pi_a =____ (3)If gov't is sophisticated and public is naive, then gov't should choose pi =____Now, consider an economy in which the demand for money is of the formY(1 + it)for t = 0, 1, 2, · · · , where output is 150 and it denotes the nominal interest rate inperiod t. The REAL INTEREST RATE, denoted r, is constant and equal to 4%. In period0 and 1, the money supply is 100 and people expect that money supply wouldbe 100 forever. People have rational expectations. In period 2, the central banksurprises people and sets the money supply will grow at 2 percent forever, that is,M0 = 100, M1 = 100, M2 = (1.02)M1, M3 = (1.02)M2, and so on. A. Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 1,and expected inflation in period 2, given the information available in period1, π1, i1,M1 / P1, and, E1π2. B. Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 2,and expected inflation in period 3, given the information available in period 2. (π2, i2, M2 / P2 and E2π3.) C. Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, and real money…