According to the second line, there were 9 pairs where at least one twin died of coronary heart disease;in all 9 cases, the smoker died first. According to the last line, there were 2 pairs where at least one twindied of lung cancer, and in both pairs the smoker died first.For parts (a)-(c) suppose that each twin in the pair is equally likely to die first, regardless smoking ornot. So the number of pairs in which the smoker dies first is like the number of heads in coin-tossing.(a) Under this assumption, what is the chance of having 17 or more pairs out of 22 where the smokerdies first? Calculate this probability using the Binomial formula.(b) Calculate the probability in (a) using normal approximation with continuity correction. Compareyour answer with that in (a).(c) Using the Binomial formula, calculate the chance that, the smokers die first in all of the 9 pairs fromcoronary heart disease.(d) Can you use the normal approximation to calculate the probability in (c)? Why or why not?(e) Can the difference between the death rates for smoking and non-smoking twins be explained bychance? genetics? or heath effects of smoking? Explain your reasoning. It is now generally accepted that cigarette smoking causes heart disease, lung cancer, and many other dis-eases. However, in the 1950s, this idea was controversial. There was a strong association between smokingand ill-health, but association is not causation. R. A Fisher advanced the "constitutional hypothesis:there is some genetic factor that disposes you both to smoke and to die.To refute Fisher's idea, the epidemiologists used twin studies. They identified sets of smoking-discordantmonozygotic twin pairs. "Monozygotic" twins come from one egg and have identical genetic makeup;"smoking-discordant" means that one twin smokes, the other does not. The researchers collected data onwhich twin dies first, the smoker or the non-smoker. The data from a Finnish twin study are shown inthe following table.Smokers Non-smokersAll Causes175Coronary heart diseaseLung Cancer9According to the first line of the table, there were 22 smoking-discordant monozygotic twin pairs whereat least one twin of the pair died. In 17 cases, the smoker died first; in 5 cases, the non-smoker died first.

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MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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