Market Structure Characteristics EXAMPLE?? Pure Competition Many firms Many buyers Many firms with non- Monopolistic Competition interdependent pricing and quantity Many buyers decisions Few firms with interdependent pricing and quantity decision Oligopoly Unspecified Pure Monopoly Single seller Unspecified
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- Think about firms such as the Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo who competeagainst each other in the monopolistically competitive market for soft drinks. Eachfirm produces a unique product, but each of these unique products is to some extenta substitute for the soft drinks produced by rival companies.Now imagine a situation where the firms within such a market are facing suchextreme competition that they are unable to make an operating profit. Characterisethis situation diagrammatically and explain what will happen to the market, payingparticular attention to the exit or entry of firms out of (or into) the market.(Monopolistic Competition and Perfect Competition Compared)Illustrated below are the marginal cost and averagetotal cost curves for a small firm that is in long-runequilibrium.a. Locate the long-run equilibrium price and quantity ifthe firm is perfectly competitive.b. Label the price and quantity p1 and q1.c. Draw in a demand and marginal revenue curve to illustratelong-run equilibrium if the firm is monopolisticallycompetitive. Label the price and quantity p2 and q2 .d. How do the monopolistically competitive firm’s priceand output compare to those of the perfectly competitivefirm?e. How do long-run profits compare for the two types offirms?You are hired as a consultant to a monopolisticallycompetitive firm. The firm reports the followinginformation about its price, marginal cost, andaverage total cost. Can the firm possibly bemaximizing profit? If not, what should it do toincrease profit? If the firm is maximizing profit, is themarket in a long-run equilibrium? If not, what willhappen to restore long-run equilibrium?a. P < MC, P > ATCb. P > MC, P < ATCc. P 5 MC, P > ATCd. P > MC, P 5 ATC
- For each of the following pairs of firms, explainwhich firm would be more likely to engage inadvertising.a. a family-owned farm or a family-ownedrestaurantb. a manufacturer of forklifts or a manufacturer of carsc. a company that invented a very comfortable razoror a company that invented a less comfortable razorTwo firms dominate the market for surgical sutures and competeaggressively with respect to research and development. The followingpayoff table depicts the profit implications of their different R&Dstrategies.a. Suppose that no communication is possible between the firms; eachmust choose its R&D strategy independently of the other. Whatactions will the firms take, and what is the outcome?b. If the firms can communicate before setting their R&D strategies,what outcome will occur? Explain.Firm B’s R&D SpendingLow Medium HighLow 8, 11 6, 12 5, 14Firm A’s R&D Medium 12, 9 8, 10 6, 8 SpendingHigh 11, 6 10, 8 4, 6In California, let’s assume that Armando sells bagels in a monopolisticly competitive market. Armando compiled the data represented in the table below to determine the profit-maximizing quantity at which he should sell. What is Armando’s bagel store’s profit-maximizing quantity? Quantity Price TotalRevenue MarginalRevenue TotalCost MarginalCost 5 $21 $105 $21 $150 $30 10 $18 $180 $15 $160 $2 15 $16 $240 $12 $180 $4 20 $14 $280 $8 $220 $8 25 $11 $275 $1 $270 $10 30 $10 $300 $0 $330 $12 35 $8 $280 −$4 $400 $14
- Would it be wise for a brick-and-mortar retailer thatwants to stop showrooming to use wireless-jammingtechnologies to prevent people from using smartphonesinside its stores? Why or why not?For each of the fo llowing characteristics, say whetherit descriOOs a monopoly firm, a monopolisticallycompetitive lirm, both, or neither.a. laces a downward ..sloping demand cut\'eb. has marginal revenue Jess than pricec. laces the entry ol new firms selling: similarproductsd. earns economic profit in the long: rune. equat~ marginal revenue and marginal costf. produces the socially efficient quantity of outputAndrea’s Day Spa began to offer a relaxingaromatherapy treatment. The firm asks you how muchto charge to maximize profits. The first two columnsin Table 10.5 provide the price and quantity for thedemand curve for treatments. The third column showsits total costs. For each level of output, calculate totalrevenue, marginal revenue, average cost, and marginalcost. What is the profit-maximizing level of output forthe treatments and how much will the firm earn inprofits?
- In Portland, let’s assume that Maria sells coffee in a monopolisticly competitive market. Maria generated the data presented in the table below to determine the profit-maximizing quantity at which she should sell. What is Maria’s coffee shop’s profit-maximizing output? Quantity Price TotalRevenue MarginalRevenue TotalCost MarginalCost 5 $21 $105 $21 $150 $30 10 $18 $180 $15 $160 $2 15 $16 $240 $12 $180 $4 20 $14 $280 $8 $220 $8 25 $11 $275 $1 $270 $10 30 $10 $300 $0 $330 $12 35 $8 $280 −$4 $400 $14There is much evidence that large firms with considerable market power (firms such asmonopolies) may not maximize profits but may pursue quite different objectives such asgrowth or sales revenue maximization. What are the arguments put forward to defendmonopoly? Name any 5 Generally, the aim of a business is to maximize profit. Which point should a firm operateat in order to achieve maximum profit? By making use of a graph indicate clearly the pointat which a firm makes maximum profit and a point where a firm increase their output inorder to enhance profit as well as well as the points where they should reduce theirproduction if they want to enhance profitSuppose Clomper's is a monopolst that manuractures and sels stampen, an extremely trendy shoe brand with na close substutes. The followng graph shows the market demand and marginal revenue ( MR ) ourves Clomper's taces, as wall as ins marginal cost ( MC ) , which is constant at $ 3 0 per pair of Stompers. For simplicty, assume that hxed costs are equal to zero; this, combined wah the fact that Clampers marginal cost is constant, means that its marginal cost curve is also equal to the average total cost ( ATC ) ourve. Trs , suppose that Compers camnct price discriminate. That is , it must darpe each consumer the same price for Stompers regardess of the consumer's wilingness and ability to pay. symod ) to shade une pronc, une green pants ( crange symbol ) to shade che consumer surpus, and the black points ( pius symood ) to shade the Suppope now that Clomper's is able to pertecty prico discriminate - that is , it knows cach corsumer's willingness to pay for a pair ar…