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- A memory B cell can differentiate upon reexposure to a pathogen of which cell type? CTL naïve B cell memory T cell plasma cell1.A given B cell expresses only maternally or paternally derived heavy chains but never both. This observation is the result of A. antibodydiversity.B. isotypeswitching.C. allelicexclusion.D. affinitymaturation.E. randomVJgenerearrangement. 2.Which of the following antibody classes or isotypes facilitate the sequential binding of the C1, C4, C2, and C3 components of the complement system? A. IgAandIgD B. IgAandIgE C. IgDandIgM D. IgE and IgG E. IgMandIgGSome Type-II immunopathology mediated autoimmune diseases have manifestations inmultiple different organs. Discuss how antibodies to one single antigen can cause damage inmultiple sites throughout the body. Things you might discuss include, but are not limited towhere the antigen could be expressed, how antibodies are made, how they bind antigen,where they circulate, the ratios of antigen to antibody, mechanisms of the immune systemthat result in cellular/tissue damage, or how immune system components can affect otherorgans. You might also comment on what makes one antigen an attractive target rather thananother. Please do NOT comment on all the things listed above, they are just to get youthinking. If you are having trouble getting started, it might help to think about a specificdisease which affects multiple organs.
- Multiple Matching. Place all possible matches in the spaces at theleft of each Ig.__________IgG__________IgA__________IgD__________IgE__________IgM a. found in mucous secretionsb. a monomerc. a dimerd. has greatest number of Fabse. first antibody made duringthe primary response f. first antibody made duringthe secondary responseg. crosses the placentah. fixes complementi. involved in allergic reactionsj. primarily a surface receptoron B cellsif someone had dysfunctional plasma cells that were unstable to secrete immunoglobulins, what pathogen/s would they be most at risk from and why? Thank you!55) A 48 year old man who emigrated from India comes to the physician because of a 6 month history of scale, well demarcated rash on his forehaed . Physical examinationhypopigmented rash with anesthetic cewnter over the left side of the forehead. A biopsy speciment of the affected skin shows clusters of epithelialcwels and occassional ginatcells surrounded by lymphocyteswith rare acid fast bacilli. Which of the following cytokine patterns is most likely exhibited by CD 4+ T-lymphocyte clones responding to this infection A) Interleukin-1( IL-1) and Il-8 (B) IL-2 and interferon gamma (C) IL-4 and IL-10 (D) Il-5 and IL-12 (E) IL-6 and Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- Type ___ hypersensitivity reactions are also called delayed-type hypersensitivity. I II III IV Type___ hypersensitivity reactions are typically observed after drug-induced hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia. I II III IV 3. Type ___ hypersensitivity reactions involve the rapid triggering of mast cell degranulation. I II III IVType I (immediate) hypersensitivity A. is mediated by IgE B. is mediated by T lymphocytes C. both is mediated by IgE and involves degranulation of mast cells D. involves degranulation of mast cells2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-022-00692-1 (link to research) a) In the immunohistochemistry section of the materials and methods section the authors wrote “The number of positive cells in hotspot areas in ten high power fields (HPFs) in areas of demyelination and plaques in the brain stem were counted using the image analysis software (Lecia Application Suite Version 4.12.0, Welzlar, Germany).” Why were they looking at demyelination areas for this study? b) In the effect of mitoxantrone on histopathological changes in the brain section of the results section the authors wrote “Active plaques revealed inflammatory cellular infiltrates with abundant macrophages stuffed with myelin debris, an evidence of ongoing myelin breakdown.” What does macrophages stuffed with myelin debris have to do with the study?
- The _____ occurs 6–8 hours after an initial type I allergic response in which mast cells produce leukotrienes, chemokines, and cytokines. a. Arthus reaction b. late-phase reaction c. delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction d. condition known as anaphylactic shock e. skin rash known as chronic urticaria.1. Which of the following are second line defenses? Check all that apply. Inflammationchecked Antibodiesunchecked Interferonchecked Complementchecked Feverchecked Lysozymeexplain what are the current treatments/ therapies effects of ageing on the functionality of T cells. give exmaples of new hypthesis. Discuss weather if there have been any controversies. Also provide a deep insilight on new treatments/ therapies that are still in testing, what are the new techologys that are in the stage of devlopment.