Mustard gas, Cl¬CH2CH2¬S¬CH2CH2¬Cl, was used as a poisonous chemical agentin World War I. Mustard gas is much more toxic than a typical primary alkyl chloride. Itstoxicity stems from its ability to alkylate amino groups on important metabolic enzymes,rendering the enzymes inactive.(a) Propose a mechanism to explain why mustard gas is an exceptionally potent alkylatingagent

Mustard gas, Cl¬CH2CH2¬S¬CH2CH2¬Cl, was used as a poisonous chemical agentin World War I. Mustard gas is much more toxic than a typical primary alkyl chloride. Itstoxicity stems from its ability to alkylate amino groups on important metabolic enzymes,rendering the enzymes inactive.(a) Propose a mechanism to explain why mustard gas is an exceptionally potent alkylatingagent

Organic Chemistry

8th Edition

ISBN:9781305580350

Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. Foote

Publisher:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. Foote

Chapter16: Aldehydes And Ketones

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 16.49P: (R)-Pulegone, readily available from pennyroyal oil, is an important enantiopure building block for...

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gas, Cl¬CH2CH2¬S¬CH2CH2¬Cl, was used as a poisonous chemical agentin World War I. Mustard gas is much more toxic than a typical primary alkyl chloride. Itstoxicity stems from its ability to alkylate amino groups on important metabolic enzymes,rendering the enzymes inactive.(a) Propose a mechanism to explain why mustard gas is an exceptionally potent alkylatingagent.(b) Bleach (sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, a strong oxidizing agent) neutralizes and inactivates mustard gas. Bleach is also effective on organic stains because it oxidizes coloredcompounds to colorless compounds. Propose products that might be formed by thereaction of mustard gas with bleach.
In the presence of an acid catalyst, acetaldehyde forms a trimer known as paraldehyde. Because it induces sleep when it is administered to animals inlarge doses, paraldehyde is used as a sedative or hypnotic. Propose a mechanism for the formation of paraldehyde.
The following compound undergoes Benzilic Acid Rearrangementto yield a hydroxyacid salt. Propose a mechanism for the reaction, write the major product, and provide an explanation as to the preference of migration of one R group over the other.
A step in a synthesis of PGE1 (prostaglandin E1, alprostadil) is the reaction of a trisubstituted cyclohexene with bromine to form a bromolactone. Propose a mechanism for formation of this bromolactone and account for the observed stereochemistry of each substituent on the cyclohexane ring. Alprostadil is used as a temporary therapy for infants born with congenital heart defects that restrict pulmonary blood flow. It brings about dilation of the ductus arteriosus, which in turn increases blood flow in the lungs and blood oxygenation.
Nonconjugated , -unsaturated ketones, such as 3-cyclohexenone, are in an acid-catalyzed equilibrium with their conjugated , -unsaturated isomers. Propose a mechanism for this isomerization.
(R)-Pulegone, readily available from pennyroyal oil, is an important enantiopure building block for organic syntheses. Propose a mechanism for each step in this transformation of pulegone.
Propose a mechanism for the following reaction, an important step in the laboratory synthesis of proteins:
Following is the structure of miconazole, the active antifungal agent in a number of over-the-counter preparations, including Monistat, that are used to treat vaginal yeast infections. One of the compounds needed for the synthesis of miconazole is the trichloro derivative of toluene shown on its right. (a) Show how this derivative can be synthesized from toluene. (b) How many stereoisomers are possible for miconazole?
When cis-2-decalone is dissolved in ether containing a trace of HCl, an equilibrium is established with trans-2-decalone. The latter ketone predominates in the equilibrium mixture. Propose a mechanism for this isomerization and account for the fact that the trans isomer predominates at equilibrium.
Following is a synthesis for toremifene, a nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist whose structure is closely related to that of tamoxifen. (a) This synthesis makes use of two blocking groups, the benzyl (Bn) group and the tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group. Draw a structural formula of each group and describe the experimental conditions under which it is attached and removed. (b) Discuss the chemical logic behind the use of each blocking group in this synthesis. (c) Propose a mechanism for the conversion of D to E. (d) Propose a mechanism for the conversion of F to toremifene. (e) Is toremifene chiral? If so, which of the possible stereoisomers are formed in this synthesis?
Treatment of 1-aminoadamantane, C10H17N, with methyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate in the presence of a nonnucleophilic base, R3N, involves two successive SN2 reactions and gives compound A. Propose a structural formula for compound A.
Q2 Propose mechanisms for the following reactions. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Br HBr ROOR hv cat. H₂SO4 H₂O HBr > HCI EtOH cat. H₂SO4 H₂O Br OH Br xBr+ Br CI CH₂CH3 OH H H -OH Br CH₂CH3