myoglobin is found in all chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates, b-globin is found in all vertebrates, a-globin in all ostracoderm descendants, z-globin in all gnathostomes, e-globin in all viviparous mammals, and d-globin in all eutherian mammals, then the most recent globin gene must be: myoglobin, found only in descendants of the chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates zeta-globin (z-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral gnathostome fishes epsilon-globin (e-globin), found only in descendants of

myoglobin is found in all chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates, b-globin is found in all vertebrates, a-globin in all ostracoderm descendants, z-globin in all gnathostomes, e-globin in all viviparous mammals, and d-globin in all eutherian mammals, then the most recent globin gene must be: myoglobin, found only in descendants of the chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates zeta-globin (z-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral gnathostome fishes epsilon-globin (e-globin), found only in descendants of

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter32: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates And Their Closest Relatives

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD: The phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA...

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If myoglobin is found in all chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates, b-globin is found in all vertebrates, a-globin in all ostracoderm descendants, z-globin in all gnathostomes, e-globin in all viviparous mammals, and g-globin in all placental mammals, then the most recent globin gene must be: epsilon-globin (e-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral marsupials myoglobin, found only in descendants of the chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates gamma-globin (g-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral placentals zeta-globin (z-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral gnathostome fishes beta-globin (b-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral vertebrates
If myoglobin is found in all chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates, b-globin is found in all vertebrates, a-globin in all ostracoderm descendants, z-globin in all gnathostomes, e-globin in all viviparous mammals, and g-globin in all placental mammals, then the most ancient of these genes: must be epsilon-globin (e-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral marsupials must be myoglobin, found only in descendants of the chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates must be gamma-globin (g-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral placentals must be zeta-globin (z-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral gnathostome fishes must be beta-globin (b-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral vertebrates
Which of the following proteins is thought to have been the first to evolve from an ancestral gene duplication of the most ancient O2 transporting protein in vertebrate hemoglobin (found today in all vertebrates except the agnathan fishes)? A. gamma-globin (-globin) B. epsilon-globin (-globin) C. alpha-globin (-globin) D. delta-globin (-globin) E. zeta-globin (-globin)
Genome duplication in the animal lineage leading to chordates has produced the largest genome sizes in which of the following vertebrate groups? the cephalochordates (like the lancelet) the chondrichthyes (like the shark) the agnathan fishes (like the hagfish) the teleost fishes (like the trout) the urochordates (like the sea squirt)
A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationship between humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. The cladogram currently shows humans and chimpanzees with a more recent common ancestor compared to gorillas. Which piece of evidence, if true, would most likely weaken this hypothesis? Amino acid analysis of the cytochrome shows significant differences in the sequence of amino acids between humans and goriffas. DNA sequence analysis of the hemoglobin alpha gene shows that humans and chimpanzees have a more similar sequence to each other than they do to the gorilla's DNA sequence. The cells of the eye in embryos of gorillas and humans follow a similar pattern of development chimpanzee embryos are different Fossils of humans appear in deeper sedimentary rock layers compared to fossils of chimpanzees.
If the same portion of the amino acid sequence for turkey hemoglobin was included, who do you think it would have the least differences with, the human, gorilla,horse,kangaroo, or chicken? Why do you think so?
A recent study examining the mutation rates of 5669 mammalian genes (17,208 sequences) indicates that, contrary to popular belief, mutation rates among lineages with vastly different generation lengths and physiological attributes are remarkably constant [Kumar, S., and Subramanian, S. (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:803–808]. The average rate is estimated at 12.2 * 10-9 per bp per year. What is the significance of this finding in terms of mammalian evolution?
Given our knowledge of genome sizes in different organisms, would you predict that Homo sapiens or the two-toed salamander (Amphiuma means) has the larger genome?
Take a look at the α-globin and β-globin amino acid sequences. Which sequences are more similar, the α globin in humans and the α globin in horses, or the α globin in humans and the β globin in humans? Based on your answer, would you conclude that the gene duplication that gave rise to the α-globin and β-globin genes occurred before or after the divergence of humans and horses? Explain your reasoning.
You are a researcher studying birds in an Indonesian rainforest. You have just discovered two new species whose beaks are markedly different, which you have named Laetiphonia orthorhynchus and Laetiphonia rhamphis. In particular, the beaks of L. orthorhynchus are very long, straight and pointed, whereas L. rhamphis have beaks that are quite short, wide and curved downwards. In further studies, you find that the same gene codes for beak shape in both species. In your own words, explain at least two ways that changes in gene expression could result in the differences you observe between these two species. Make sure to be specific in how your explanation applies to the bird species in this example.
What is the evidence that gene duplication has been thesource of the α and β gene families for humanhemoglobin?
In 1979, bones found outside Ekaterinburg, Russia, were shown to be those of Tsar Nicholas and his family, who were executed in 1918 by a Bolshevik firing squad in the Russian Revolution . To prove that the skeletons were those of the royal family, mtDNA was extracted from the bone samples, amplified by PCR, and compared with mtDNA from living relatives of the tsar’s family. Q. Mitochondrial DNA from which living relatives would provide useful information for verifying that the skeletons were those of the royal family?