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- Consider the first copy of an allele for insecticideresistance that arises by mutation in a populationof insects exposed to an insecticide. Is this mutation an adaptation? If, after some generations,we find that most of the population is resistant,is the resistance an adaptation? If we discovergenetic variation for insecticide resistance in apopulation that has had no experience of insecticides, is the variation an adaptation? If an insectpopulation is polymorphic for two alleles, eachof which confers resistance against one of twopesticides that are alternately applied, is thevariation an adaptation? Or is each of the tworesistance traits an adaptation?Natural selection tends to work toward genetic unity;the genotypes that are most fit produce the mostoffspring and increase the frequency of adaptive allelesin the population. Yet there remains a great deal ofvariability within the populations of species. Describethe factors that contribute to this genetic variability. Provide the link of referencesWhich type of selection is represented in a population of birds where a wing span of 2ft rather than 1ft or 3ft is more beneficial? Directional Disruptive Stabalizing
- There are five generations of complete selection against recessive individuals (a) , migration (b), and random genetic drift (c). that affect the gene (A, a) and genotypic (AA, Aa, aa) frequencies of the population. Afterward, answer the question that follows. Based on the figures, what are the effect of complete selection, migration, and random genetic drift on the gene and genotypic frequencies of the population? Describe the trend for each scenario and provide a brief explanation. a. complete selection against recessive individuals b. migration c. random genetic drift (random mating in a very small population)If you had measured a set of morphological traits (beak depth, wing length, leg length, tail length, body size) in both the parent and offspring generations, would it be useful to measure any changes in these traits in the parent generation after the drought killed the birds with shallower beaks? Could any such changes measure a correlated response to natural selection on beak depth? Why or why not?The ratio of nonsynonymous differences pernonsynonymous site, dN, to synonymous differences per synonymous site, dS, can be usedto test for positive selection Imagine that in a duplicate pair of loci, oneparalog is evolving neutrally while the other isevolving under strong positive selection. Whatspecific data are needed to detect that situationusing the dN/dS ratio, and what pattern do youexpect to see?
- Mechanisms for the persistence of genetic variation in a population include:i) antagonistic selection, ii) overdominance, iii) heterosis, iv) inverse-frequency-dependent selection, and v) mutation-selection balance. Describe how mutation-selection balance can act to maintain genetic variation in a population.The evolution of a qualitative trait in reponse to natural selection is described by the following equation, R=h2 S a) What is h2 and what does it measure? b) Describe a study that would allow you to estimate h2 for a real populationMatch the following statements with the appropriate term The terms are: a.Genetic polymorphism b. Stabilizing selection c. Directional selection d.gene flow e. Vestigial f.heterochrony g. Cline i. Polyploidy j. genetic drift L. Natural selection m. Sexual dimorphism n. Adaptation o. Homology p. Convergence q. Disruptive selection Match the following statements with the appropriate term random fluctuation in gene pool (e.g., bottleneck & founder effect) Answer 1 mutational change that results in individuals with more than two sets of chromosomes, sometimes leading to a distinct species Answer 2 when adult males and adult females of the same species differ in their physical appearance Answer 3 similar adaptations resulting from a common ancestor (for example, all canines have long snouts because their common ancestor did, too). Answer 4 genetic input from other populations Answer 5 favours intermediate variants by acting against both extremes Answer 6 accumulation of…
- In general, what is the effect of complete selection, migration and random genetic drift on the gene frequencies of the population? complete selection migration random genetic driftTwo hypothetical lizard populations found on opposite sides of a mountain in the Arizonan desert havetwo alleles (AF, AS) of a single gene A with the following three genotype frequencies:AFAF AFAS ASASPopulation 1 38 44 18Population 2 0 80 20a. What is the allele frequency of AFin the twopopulations?b. Do either of the two populations appear to be atHardy-Weinberg equilibrium?c. A huge flood opened a canyon in the mountainrange separating populations 1 and 2. They werethen able to migrate such that the two populations, which were of equal size, mixed completelyand mated at random. What are the frequenciesof the three genotypes (AFAF, AFAS, and ASAS) inthe next generation of the single new populationof lizards?Which of the following statements describes an example of genetic drift?a. Allele g for fat production increases in a small population because birds with more bodyfat have higher survivorship in a harsh winter.b. Random mutation increases the frequency of allele A in one population but not inanother.c. Allele R reaches a frequency of 1.0 because individuals with genotype rr are sterile.d. Allele m is lost when a virus kills all but a few individuals and just by chance, none ofthe survivors possess allele m.