One of the potential problems, among others, by implementing marketable pollution permits has been found to be rising cost of enforcement creation of "hot spot for the polluters cheating by the polluters increase of bureaucracy
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- A city currently emits 15 million gallons (MG) of raw sewage into a lake that is beside the city. Table 12.13 shows the total costs (TC) in thousands of dollars of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits (TB) of doing so. Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits. Using the information in Table 12.13 calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this City. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? How can you tell?Consider two approaches to reducing emissions of CO2 into the environment from manufacturing industries in the United States. In the first approach, the U.S. government makes it a policy to use only predetermined technologies. In the second approach, the U.S. government determines which technologies are cleaner and subsidizes their use. Of the two approaches, which is the command-and-control policy?How can high-income countries benefit from covering much of the cost of reducing pollution created by low-income countries?
- Consider a uniformly mixed pollutant. If all of the polluters have different individual marginal abatement cost functions, then it wll not be possible to design a cost effective policy. Select one: O a. True O b. FalseUnder emission standards, the amount of compliance cost faced by a polluter is ___________________________? The total abatement costs Zero The sum of the compensation and abatement costs The compensation based on damages caused by the polluter8. (Environmental Protection) Four federal laws and subse- quent amendments underpin U.S. environmental protec- tion. Identify these laws.
- ACME Industries produces steel near a river that nearby residents liked to swim. A by-product of steel produced by ACME Industries is toxic sludge that pollutes the river. Demand for steel by consumers in tonnes is given by QD = 90 - 5p. The Private Margiinal Cost per tonne of steel produced ACME Industries is given by the supply curve QS = 25p. Each tonne of steel produced creates external marginal damage on Wimmera of $1.20 due to decreased water quality. The government is considering imposing a tax on the market to correct the externality. 1. Before the imposition of a corrective tax, the equilibrium price is: 2. Before the imposition of a corrective tax, the equilibrium quality is: 3. To correct the externality, the government should tax per tonne of steel produced equal to:The government allows sulphur dioxide emissions of 4 parts per billion and has a tradable permits program. The 2 firms in the market pollute at a rate of 5 parts per billion and 6 parts per billion respectively. The 2 firms have the following costs to reduce emissions. The least expensive way to reach the government’s mandate is: Reduction of Sulphur Dioxide Cost - Firm 1 Cost - Firm 2 By 1 part per billion $200,000/year $80,000/year By 2 parts per billion $420,000/year $200,000/year By 3 parts per billion $700,000/year $340,000/year By 4 parts per billion $1,200,000/year $650,000/year Group of answer choices $400,000. $200,000. $340,000.8. Marketable permits are a market solution to pollution abatement which work best whena. all firms have the same valuation for pollution.b. the location of pollution matters.c. the government knows the right quantity of pollution abatement.d. some fi rms have already invested heavily in abatement equipment while others have done nothing.
- Plants A and B emit 12 tons and 6 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), respectively. MAC(marginal abatement costs) for a = 12 - Ea, MACb=12-2Eb MD(marginal damage) = 1/3*E (E indicates CO2 emission) Suppose that the emission trading system is introduced and the right to emit 7 tons is given to power plant A and the right to emit 5 tons is given to power plant B. In order for emission permits to be traded, the price of one unit of emission permits must be at least a certain amount (minimum price) and conversely, how much must be less than a maximum (maximum price), that is, explain the fluctuation range of the emission permit price.The marginal benefit of being able to emit a ton of sulphur dioxide emissions for twofirms are given by:MBX = 320 – ( Ex / 3 )MBY = 500 – ( Ey / 2 )Note that these marginal benefit figures can be interpreted as marginal cost of abatingemission down to levels Ex and Ey.Government regulators want to reduce total sulfur dioxide emissions to a total of 1200tons.a) If the government imposes the same standard of 600 tons maximum emissions onboth firms what would be the total cost of abatement (calculated as the aggregatedmarginal benefits forgone)?b) If the government distributed 600 tradable pollution permits to each firm whatwould be the final allocation of these permits after the firms trade them? Whatwould be the total cost of abatement in this latter case?It is discovered that production of painclear damages groundwater quality – this affects just one party: Greenview Nature Park (a park run by the local council which people can access, for free, for recreation). The value of the damage caused is £48 per litre of paint produced – so the pollution damage caused when output is 1 litre=£48, the 2 nd litre causes another £48 of damage, so pollution damage caused when output is 2 litres=£96. This damage happens and is the same whenever XY produces, whatever the level of output (same if it produces 1 litre of or 1 000 000 litres of painclear - each additional litre imposes an additional £48 of pollution costs). The drug has no side effects on consumers. (the clarifying information in red was added on 21/12/23) 1.Create and explain a new diagram which shows relevant costs, price and levels of output if XY produced the optimal quantity of painclear from a societal perspective. 2. Assume XY and Greenview can negotiate. Create and explain 2 new…
