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- Figure 17.15 In 2011, the United States Preventative Services Task Force recommended against using the PSA test to screen healthy men for prostate cancer. Their recommendation is based on evidence that screening does not reduce the risk of death from prostate cancer. Prostate cancer often develops very slowly and does not cause problems, while the cancer treatment can have severe side effects. The PCA3 test is considered to be more accurate, but screening may still result in men who would not have been harmed by the cancer itself suffering side effects from treatment. What do you think? Should all healthy men be screened for prostate cancer using the PCA3 or PSA test? Should people in general be screened to find out if they have a genetic risk for cancer or other diseases?"The main causes of cancer are the products of our highly industrialized way of life such as pollution and food additives" is true or false.New cases of cancer are expected to increase in the ensuing years. How can estimating the future burden of cancer help us to prepare for this? Give detailed examples of different types of cancer and the trends that will likely be observed. What can we realistically expect to achieve regarding cancer risk reduction? Why is it important to have cancer statistics databases?
- Inherited cancers are due to mutations in ________ cells. They are/are not passed on to offspring. Sporadic cancers are due to mutations in __________ cells. They are/are not passed on to offspring. Inherited cancers are more/less common than sporadic cancers. Do you think Kay’s cancer is inherited or sporadic? Why? (1-2 sentences only)Although cancer is not a contagious disease in humans or other vertebrates, there have been rare cases in which cancers have spread from one organism to another. Describe three cases of these contagious cancers and what conditions might have led to their appearance. For an introduction to this topic, see http:// www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/is-cancer-contagious.Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 In the small intestine, stem cells in the cryptsdivide asymmetrically to maintain the population of cellsthat make up the villi; after each division, one daughterremains a stem cell and the other begins to divide rapidlyto produce differentiated progeny.2 Stem cells, being stem cells, are by definition thesame in all tissues.3 Every tissue that can be renewed is renewed froma tissue-specific population of stem cells.4 Disturbance of the balance in the activities ofosteoblasts and osteoclasts in favor of osteoclasts cangive rise to the condition known as osteoporosis, the brit-tle-bone syndrome of the elderly.
- A study on the effects of a new drug tamoxifen has stopped more than a year early because of dramatic findings. The American National institute of health reports that in a trial of 13 000 healthy women, there were 85 cases of breast cancer amongst the more than 6000 who were given tamoxifen compared to 154 in an equal number of women who Didi not get the drug. Dr Richard Klausher , director of the institute said only through continued research will we find drugs which are effective and with fewer side effects. It is said that women who were taking 'dummy' will be given a chance to take tamoxifen instead. 1. Write in your own words why you think the study was stopped early. 2. Explain the method used [ Be quantitative] 3. Summarize the results of the study [ Be quantitative] 4. Was this a well-designed study? Give two reasons 5. Which group of women served as placeboTable 23.3 lists occupation as an environmental factor associated withcancer. What occupations do you think might be associated withhigher rates of cancer? What about these occupations might createhigher cancer rates?Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. The exact cause of breast cancer is unknown, and very few women will know the reason why they got it. We do know that breast cancer is always caused by damage to DNA. When the cell’s DNA is damaged, mutated cells begin to grow uncontrollably. These abnormal cells can progress into a disease such as breast cancer. Women with certain risk factors are more likely to get breast cancer than others. Some risk factors caused by the environment can be avoided, while others, such as family history, cannot. Below are three different women’s stories and their history in relation to breast cancer. Read each scenario and familiarize yourself with each one. For additional background, you can refer to the following website: http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org. Scenario 1: Jennifer is a 40-year-old Caucasian woman who has a history of breast cancer in her family. Her grandmother and mom both had breast cancer. This prompted Jennifer to have…
- As humans age, the rate of cell division _____, which is intended to _______. Select one: a. increases, decrease the risk of cancer b. Decreases, decrease the risk of cancer c. Increases, increase stem cell division d. Decreases, increase stem cell divisionSome germ-line mutations predispose individuals tocancer, yet often environmental factors (chemicals,exposure to radiation) are considered major risks fordeveloping cancer. Do these views of the cause ofcancer conflict, or can they be reconciled?With regard to cancer cells, which of the following statementsare true?A. Cancer cells are clonal, which means they are derived from asingle mutant cell.B. To become cancerous, cells usually accumulate multiplegenetic changes that eventually result in uncontrolledgrowth.C. Most cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.D. Cancer cells have lost the ability to properly regulate celldivision.