Part 5: Linkage Groups When two alleles are located on the same chromosome they are inherited together. However, crossing-over can occur during meiosis and the alleles are switched. Vestigial wings (VG) and Black body color (BL) are located on chromosome 2. 7. Cross a female VG, BL fly with a wild-type male. (ggbb x GGBB). What is the genotype and phenotype of the offspring? 8. Choose a female from the offspring and mate it with a male that has vestigial wings and a black body (ggbb). Show a punnett square or a visual representation of the alleles involved in this cross to make a prediction about the offspring. 9. Complete the table (ignore sex). Phenotype Observed Proportion + (wild-type) Vestigial wings (B.gg) Black body (bbG_) VG, BL (ggbb)

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Learning and memory

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent and irreversible adaptive change in behavior. It always results from experience. The ability of an organism to store and recall the effects, sensations, and knowledge gained through learning and experience is called memory.