Why are gram-positive bacteria typically more resistant than gram-negative bacteria to antimicrobials that disrupt plasma membranes, such as polymyxin B?

Q: What type of immune response involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A: The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks…

Q: Are the bacteria that cause Lyme disease likely to develop antibiotic resistance? Why or why not

A: Antibiotic resistance refers to the phenomenon in which certain bacteria and fungi develop…

Q: What are the steps in a lysogenic infection?

A: The lysogenic cycle is the process through which a virus replicated its DNA by using a host cell.…

Q: List the four cellular agents of bacterium that most antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics…

A: Antibiotics are the secondary metabolites that are secreted by a group of microbes that declines the…

Q: What is the connection between certain antimicrobial drugs and superinfections?

A: A microorganism develops an adaptive response towards antimicrobial drugs and is called drug…

Q: What can be done to prevent the spread of these resistant microbes in the hospital?

A: Resistant microbes cause a major threat of nosocomial infections in hospitals. Healthcare personnel…

Q: Why does intravenous administration of a bicarbonate solution raise theplasma pH?

A: The body maintains the pH within a normal range with the help of buffer systems.

Q: Why can Koch’s postulates not be used to identify the causes of diseases due to polymicrobial…

A: Koch's postulates are four criteria that denote the causative relationship between the microbe and…

Q: Why are antimicrobial processes inhibited in the presence of extraneous organic matter?

A: The extraneous organic material denotes the blood, serum, pus, etc. Here we will know why the…

Q: What might an infection by Gram-negative bacteriabe more difficult to treat than a Gram-positive…

A: Introduction Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are microscopic. Bacteria can be found…

Q: Why does a population of microbes not die instantaneously when exposed to an antimicrobial agent?

A: Antimicrobial agents are agents that are used to stop or prevent the growth of microbes. They…

Q: How do microfi lariae get into the blood?

A: Microfilariae is an early stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes belonging to the…

Q: Why is it difficult for the colon to reestablish a beneficial flora after several antibiotic…

A: Each person has a unique microbiota. This microbiota results from genetic inheritance and…

Q: How does Mycobacterium ulcerans evade the immune system?

A: Introduction:- Mycobacterium TB complex, which causes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae and…

Q: microbial CELLS is the most RESISTANT to disinfectants and antiseptics?

A: Prions are the infectious agent which are misfolded proteins having  the ability to transmit their…

Q: Why are emboli dangerous?

A: Introduction Platelets are also referred to as thrombocytes; they are cytoplasmic fragments that…

Q: What are two reasons microbes will produce toxins?

A: Introduction :- Toxins produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, protozoa,…

Q: Which of the letter labeled microbes is exhibiting alpha-hemolysis?

A: The lysis or breakdown of red blood cells is called hemolysis. There are three types of hemolysis…

Q: What are three mechanisms pathogens use to block the immune system?

A: Introduction  The body's defence against infection is provided by the immune system, a vast network…

Q: What term is used to describe the unique molecules found onthe surface of different pathogens?

A: Step 1 Pathogens are disease-causing organisms or parasites. Pathogens have a specific point of…

Q: Why is the nervous system vulnerable to microbial invasion?

A: Answer:  Nervous system = This is the part of the vertebrates where it controls the coordination…

Q: How long does penicillin take to kill infection?

A: Penicillin is a type of antibiotics and they are used to treat bacterial infections. They kill or…

Q: Why do the penicillin and cephalosporin groups of drugs have mildertoxicity than other antibiotics?…

A: Antibiotics are the class of medicine which fight against unwanted bacteria in the system. Most of…

Q: What is the purpose of the antimicrobial susceptibility test? What information can you gather from…

A: Antimicrobial tests are used to determine which specific antibiotics a particular bacteria or fungus…

Q: Why do most antibacterial drugs not destroy human cells?

A: Antibiotic A chemical substance that inhibits the growth of microorganism by altering the…

Q: Why wouldn’t antibiotics work as therapy for botulism?

A: Botulism is a bacterial-based disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum which is an…

Q: What is the term that describes how pathogens alter their surface antigens to prevent antibody…

A: one of the ways infectious agents or pathogens invade the immune system of human body is by altering…

Q: What structures or substances that can increase microbial virulence or pathogenicity and explain the…

A: Microbes are tiny organisms that are both beneficial and harmful to humans.

Q: What are the reasons for the failure of antimicrobial treatment?

A: Introduction: Antimicrobials are substances that kill or cause the inhibition of bacterial growth.…

Q: In the hospital setting, how effective is handwashing compared to hand sanitizer at controlling the…

A: Hands are the important vector in the transmission of the COVID-19 virus because the virus can…

Q: Is Catalase is a virulence factor?

A: Catalase is a compound which is present in the liver that separates harmful hydrogen peroxide into…

Q: Is it as effective to take two antibiotics sequentially as it is to take them simultaneously, as…

A: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that are effective against microorganisms. Antibiotic drugs…

Q: How different are theactions of antibodies againstbacteria and against virus?Why is the cellular…

A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…

Q: Why is the evasion of phagocytosis a type of virulence factor?

A: Virulence factors are substances that aid germs in invading the host at the cellular level. These…

Q: are Large numbers of gram-negative rods in the blood a form primary or seondary type of infection?…

A: These are those bacteria which  are primarily responsible for secondary type infection. Gram…

Q: Why does hydrogen peroxide are most effective against probiotics?

A: Hydrogen peroxide is a peroxide. It acts as an oxidizing agent

Q: In which growth phase are microorganisms most sensitive to antimicrobial agents? Why?

A: Bacterial growth means that bacteria divides and result in the formation of daughter cells.  There…

Q: Describe several specific adhesins by which bacterial pathogens attach to host cells

A: Introduction:  Adhesins are the cell surface appendages or components of bacteria that provide…

Q: In what ways is a phagocyte a tiny container of disinfectants?

A: Phagocytes are the cells which protects the body by the process of ingesting the harmful foreign…

Q: How might the physical differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria contribute to…

A: Gram staining classifies bacteria into two groups based on their cell walls, namely Gram-positive…

Q: What do Gram positive bacteria generally possess and how will these help them in their virulence?

A: The Factors that are produced by a microorganism and evoke disease are called virulence factors.…

Q: How does the response of the chemotaxis system to anattractant differ from its response to a…

A: The movement of the cell or bacterium in response to a chemical signal is known as chemotaxis. In…

Q: Is Staphylococcus epidermidis catalase positive or negative?

A: Staphylococcus epidermidis  Introduction:- Gram-positive bacteria Basically, it is harmless Present…

Q: Do all antibiotics show the same affectivity against both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms?

A: INTRODUCTION   The terms Gram positive and Gram negative are commonly used to describe bacteria. the…

Q: Antiphagocytic factors produced by microorganisms include all of the following EXCEPT a.…

A: Bacteria are microscopic organisms which belong to prokaryote because these are unicellular…