Pathway divergence occurs when: signaling pathways use a common intermediate one signaling pathway triggers another Osignaling pathways produce the same outcome O signaling pathways split to produce multiple outcomes
Q: Where does the carbon come from that is used to synthesize ketone bodies? a) Acetyl-CoA generated…
A: In calorie-restricted conditions, the liver undergoes a process known as ketogenesis in which…
Q: During the elongation phase of transcription, how is RNA polymerase able to "read" the DNA sequence…
A: Transcription is the process by which the genetic information stored in DNA is copied into a…
Q: Plants undergo both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Why don’t plants simply use the ATP…
A: Respiration is an important biological mechanism that takes place within the cells of living…
Q: A key event in the initiation of transcription involves O a. RNA polymerase binding to the ribosome…
A: Transcription is the process by which genetic information stored in the DNA molecule is copied into…
Q: Contrast the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes. What are the implications for…
A: In eukaryotes the presence of introns and the need for nuclear transport of mRNA for translation…
Q: ↑ Lipolysis Adipose browning Bone Adipose Irisin Meteorin-like IGF-1 FGF-2 TGF-B IL-6 Lipolysis of…
A: The image shows metabolism and how various factors are secreted by muscles control the activity of…
Q: In nonmuscle cell locomotion, which protein is activated to nucleate a filament? Arp2/3…
A: Nonmuscle cell locomotion refers to the movement of cells in the absence of muscle contraction. It…
Q: Briefly answer for what is urea and what normal body process(es) produces it in the human body?
A: Waste refers to any substance or material that is produced or excreted by an organism and is not…
Q: please write one paragraph or 4-5 lines on background information regarding RT-PCR in The…
A: PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction is a widely used laboratory technique in molecular biology that is…
Q: In hot, dry climates, plants have evolved mechanisms to avoid photorespiration. Which of the…
A: Photorespiration take plase in plants when the concentration of oxygen is higher than that of carbon…
Q: The cycles share an intermediate compound. The two cycles work on the same timescales. Changes in…
A: When matter and energy are transferred between living or the Biotic component and non living or…
Q: Give me 5 questions about "a view aspect of marine biology. Microplastic to fisheries to integrated…
A: Marine biology is an important part of marine flora and fauna. Marine creatures are greatly affected…
Q: Why does neuronal function require the voltage-gated K+ channels to open more slowly than the…
A: Voltage-gated channels are specialized proteins that are essential for the generation and…
Q: What is the main difference between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19?
A: The first known infection of covid-19 was reported in Wuhan, China in 2019. There is actually seven…
Q: A protein kinase enzyme that is only active when complexed with cyclin is called OA OB. Cylin kinase…
A: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of protein kinases that regulate the cell cycle by…
Q: What indicates a positive reaction when using the Filter Paper test for oxidase? The presence of…
A: An easy biochemical test to identify cytochrome c oxidase in a bacterial isolate is the filter paper…
Q: The yeti crab is a crustacean that lives near extremely hot hydrothermal vents, where they wave…
A: "Yeti crab" which feeds on the bacteria it farms on its arms. It is found near seeps that spew forth…
Q: 7. Identify the following electron transport intermediate. A. the superoxide free radical B.…
A: Electron transport chain plays a major role in energy generation in the form of ATP molecules. ATP…
Q: Please answer both, thank you
A: Cell-cell adhesion is the process by which cells attach to and interact with each other through the…
Q: Extragenomic DNA Plasmid Ori F+ plasmid F factor Sex pilus Hfr = = Origin of replication. = A large…
A: Generally prokaryotic cells have a genome which is millions of base pair long coiled as a single DNA…
Q: 10) Below is a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot for the Bray-Curtis (1-BCij) data presented…
A: In this exercise, we'll investigate single-gene human characteristics, particularly centering on the…
Q: Other than iodine what other titrants can be used to quantify vitamin C? is it iodimetric…
A: Iodine is frequently used as a titrant in iodometric titrations for ascorbic acid or vitamin C. It…
Q: please write one paragraph or 3-4 lines on background information regarding Gene Cloning &…
A: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor protein that plays a crucial…
Q: Choose one genetic technology and explain the ethical, social and legal considerations associated…
A: The term genetic technology describes the application of scientific methods to alter the genetic…
Q: 16. In Jimpson weed, the alleles encoding purple and white flower color display incomplete…
A: When both alleles of a gene are partially expressed at a locus, it is known as incomplete dominance.…
Q: Functions A. Conducts data to and from other brain centers; helps maintain homeostasis; coordinates…
A: This question is asking for a list of brain structures and their corresponding functions.…
Q: If this model continues, with no major changes to the environment, what do you expect to happen? A)…
A: Natural selection can cause microevolution (change in allele frequencies), with fitness-increasing…
Q: the structure and function of starch
A: Starch is a complex carbohydrate that is made up of many glucose units. It is the primary storage…
Q: In the Alanine Cycle, different organs work together to produce glucose from protein. Which…
A: Several organs collaborate in the Alanine Cycle to create glucose from protein. We need to choose…
Q: The protein Menchie is conserved from cats to humans. The region upstream of the menchie gene has…
A: An enhancer is any cis-acting upstream sequence that increases the activity of the gene when bound…
Q: Degradation of cyclins is Controlled phosphorylation blubiquitylation c) de phosphorylation d)…
A: Cyclins are a family of proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle by binding and…
Q: How could changes in signaling molecules affect the toolkit and therefore development? Select an…
A: Signalling molecules are chemical messengers that are involved in cell-to-cell communication in…
Q: please write one paragraph or 4-5 lines on background information regarding The Epidermal growth…
A: Note :- itd against bartleby guidelines to provide links but im providing information regarding…
Q: Use acronym; use plural Toll-like receptors are examples of ________. explain
A: The cellular response is generated when a signal molecule ( low molecular weight, heterogeneous…
Q: Part A How long does it take for the radioactive isotope to decay to 1.8 x 10 mg? (Assume the…
A: To answer this question, we need to know the half-life of the radioactive isotope. The half-life is…
Q: What kind of bonds are created between amino acids during the elongation phase of translation? a.…
A: Translation is a cellular process that involves decoding the genetic code present in a messenger RNA…
Q: Why would you NOT expect a restriction endonuclease to exist that would recognize the site AAGGAA?
A: Restriction enzymes also known as restriction endonucleases are enzymes that recognize specific DNA…
Q: can somebody please help me to write Introduction: for unknown bacteria of microbiology This…
A: The study regarding unidentified bacteria is explained to the reader in this part, along with its…
Q: short answer:
A: Urea is produced in the liver as a result of the breakdown of proteins through a process called…
Q: Given the open nature of basic scientific research, how does one provide consent for future uses or…
A: We need to figure out how to give consent for potential uses or applications, or comprehend the…
Q: Is this microbe a gram positive or gram negative? what is the morphology?
A: PRINCIPLE OF GRAM'S STAININGThe structure of the organism's cell wall determines whether the…
Q: Give and explain two COVID vaccines with different outcomes due to antigen processing- one designed…
A: Due to differences in antigen processing, we need to explain why one COVID vaccination was intended…
Q: The conversion of ADP + Pi to ATP is an endergonic reaction. The energy to drive the reaction comes…
A: The conversion of ADP + Pi to ATP is an endergonic reaction meaning that energy is required for the…
Q: Breifly answer what is urea and what normal body process(es) produces it in the human body?
A: Waste refers to any substance or material that is produced or excreted by an organism and is not…
Q: Table 1. Brain Structures and their Functions Structure Name Function Temporal lobe Occipital lobe…
A: The brain is a complex organ responsible for controlling various physiological and cognitive…
Q: ΝΑ ho DDI Build the complementary strand of Messenger RNA to t single DNA strand that has unzipped…
A: The components of nucleic acids which include DNA and RNA, are called nucleotides. They are made up…
Q: Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Short tandem repeats (STRs) are used for DNA…
A: The number of alleles is only one aspect that can affect how valuable a STR marker is for DNA…
Q: Contrast the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes. What are the implications for…
A: Prokaryotic genes are typically organized into operons which are functional units that contain…
Q: What is photosynthesis
A: The process of photosynthesis is responsible for providing food to all the living world . This…
Q: O Copy of Pathway divergence occurs when: O signaling pathways produce the same outcome one…
A: Cell signaling, also known as cell communication, is the process by which cells communicate with…
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is permanently activated, resulting in unregulated cell division. Lapatinib, a drug used to treat breast cancer, inhibits HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation (the process by which the receptor adds phosphates onto itself), thus reducing tumor growth by 50 percent. Besides autophosphorylation, which of the following steps would be inhibited by Lapatinib? Signaling molecule binding, dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. Dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. The downstream cellular response. Phosphatase activity, dimerization, and the downsteam cellular response.Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein’s alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change? More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. Less severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. No allergic response. No change compared to normal G-protein signaling.The G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway elicits diverse intracellular responses in different cells. The basic steps of GPCR signaling are outlined in this diagram. Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of GPCR signaling? The GPCR activation is reversible after the signal of the ligand diminishes. The membrane-embedded enzyme uses GTP as a secondary messenger to initiate gene expression. The ligand attaches to both the GPCR and the membrane-embedded enzyme to activate the GPCR pathway. The ligand-bound GPCR sends a GTP molecule to an enzyme in the membrane and switches it into an active state.
- Working out the order in which the individual components in a signaling pathway act is an essential step in defining the pathway. Imagine that two protein kinases, PK1 and PK2, act sequentially in a kinase cascade. When either kinase is completely inactivated, cells do not respond to the normal extracellular signal. By contrast, cells containing a mutant form of PK1 that is permanently active respond even in the absence of an extracellular signal. Double mutant cells that contain inactivated PK2 and permanently active PK1 respond in the absence of a signal. Draw out the signaling pathway in a wild-type cell. What outcome is predicted for a double mutant cell with an activating mutation in PK2 and an inactivating mutation in PK1? Explain your reasoningCompare and discuss intergrin and tyrosine kinase signaling pathway . Show the difference and similarities between them interns of receptor ligand binding, signal transduction, changes in gene expression and subsequent cellular responsesCellular signaling follows a cascade of events and has multiple points of regulation. Which of the following could be a reason(s) why a signalling cascade is interrupted, or turned 'off', once it has been turned 'on'? A) a protein gets tagged with an ubiqutin group and gets degraded B) a chemical modification occurred on serine, threonine, or tyrosine side chains to turn on/off proteins C) allosteric regulation causes an active site to be hidden D) All of the other answers are correct E) The ligand is prevented from reaching the binding site
- Which of the following would be considered second messengers of a signaling pathway? Select one: a. A kinase enzyme b. A scaffolding protein holding three kinases c. Adenyl cyclase d. All answers are examples of second messengers e. A sugar like inositol f. Ligand gated channel1. Phosphodiesterase directly functions to a. enzymatically activate the alpha subunit of the G protein b. enzymatically cleave a membrane phospholipid to form IP3 and DAG c. enzymatically inactivate cyclic GMP d. open Ca++ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum e. none of the above 2. The molecule on the picture marked (*) is a (mark all apply) a. G protein-coupled hormone receptor b. second messenger c. protein kinase enzymeA signaling molecule M is active when it is phosphorylated (M-P). The M-P has downstream target molecules in nucleus. Provide a possible mechanism by which M does its job
- Histamine is a chemical substance released in inflammatory and allergic response. The histamine H1 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates phospholipase C in response to the binding of histamine. Arrange the data below showing the process of histamine signal transduction from the H1 receptor. Calcium ions flow through ligand-gated ion channel. Phosphorylation cascade leads to the activation of a cellular response. Calcioum ions activate a protein, leading to a cellular response. Enzyme cleaves PIP2, forming DAG and IP3. Calcium iom concentration increases in the cytosol. IP3 binds to a ligand-gated ion channel in thw ER membrane.Which of the following regarding GPCR's is FALSE? GPCR ligand binding stimulates phosphorylation of the heterotrimeric G protein GPCR's have seven transmembrane domains The alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein is active in its GTP bound state The beta-gamma subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein performs signaling functionsIon channel-coupled receptors • G-protein-coupled receptors • Enzyme-linked receptors • Briefly describe what a G-protein is (explain by using the words GTPase, GTP and GDT) • Briefly describe how a G-protein-coupled receptor for the signal / information further into • Briefly describe how an enzyme-linked receptor carries the signal / information further into the cell.