Propose structures for intermediates A and B in the scheme below. This three-step conversion is carried out by enzymes that require no redox cofactors (no FAD, NADH etc.) nor TPP. Which enzyme in the citric acid cycle has an activity most similar to enzyme 1? Which enzyme in the PPP or the citric acid cycle has an intermediate that bears similarity to intermediate B? H. OH COO™ Enzl A Enz2 B Enz3 OH
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Enzyme 1 is Aconitase and the starting material goes through both the hydration and dehydration mechanism.
I just need help with enzyme 2 and intermediate B, thank you
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- Using the ActiveModel for enoyl-CoA dehydratase, give an example of a case in which conserved residues in slightly different positions can change the catalytic rate of reaction.Examine the ActiveModel for alcohol dehydrogenase and describe the structure and function of the catalytic zinc center.Ethanol as a Source of Metabolic Energy (Integrates with Chapters 19 and 20.) Acetate produced in ethanol metabolism can be transformed into acetyl-COA by the acetyl thiokinase reaction: Acetate+ATP+CoASHacetyleCoA+AMP+PPiAcetyle-CoA then can enter the citric acid cycle and undergo oxidation to 2 CO2by this route, assuming oxidative phosphorylation is part of the process? (Assume all reactions prior to acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle occur outside the mitochondrion). Per carbon atom, which is a better metabolic fuel, ethanol or glucose? That is, how many ATP equivalents per carbon atom are generated by combustion of glucose versus ethanol to CO2?
- Extending the Mechanism of Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase to Similar Reactions Based on the mechanism for the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (see problem 14), write reasonable mechanisms for the following reactions shown.Consider the mechanism of the aldolase reaction given in figure 9.25. In chapter 12, we saw that the same enzyme was used to catalyze the reverse reaction, DHAP + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatefructose-1,6-bisphosphate, in the first step of stage 3 in the Calvin Cycle. Using arrows and structures similar to what is shown in 9.25, propose a mechanism for this reverse reaction (which is an aldol condensationCompare the delta ΔG0' values for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+ and by FAD. Use the data given in Table 18.1 to find the E0' of the NAD+-NADH and fumarate-succinate couples, and assume that E0' for the FAD – FADH2 redox couple is nearly 0.05 V. Why is FAD rather than NAD+ the electron acceptor in the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase?
- Some bacteria use the citric acid cycle intermediate, a-ketoglutarate, plus acetyl-CoA, as the starting point for lysine biosynthesis. The first part of this biosynthetic pathway uses the same chemical strategy found in the citric acid cycle. Propose a four-step pathway for the conversion of a-ketoglutarate to 2-oxoadipate. Draw the three missing intermediates, and indicate the chemistry involved in each reaction. Include any cofactors that you think might be required for specific steps.Write a balanced chemical equation for the pentose phosphate pathway in the first two modes depicted as shown, where (a) ribose-5-phosphate synthesis is maximized and (b) NADPH production is maximized, by conversion of the sugar phosphate products to glucose-6-phosphate for repeated operations of the pathway.Consider a yeast cell undergoing fermentation but with defective alcohol dehydrogenase (hint: In yeast, alcohol dehydrogenase is responsible for shuttling reducing equivalents of cytosolic NADH to the mitochondria.) (Assume that the deficiency is isolated and will not influence the function of other respiration components). In these cells/tissues, determine the following from the catabolism of the 2.5 moles of the disaccharide lactose (will be hydrolyzed first to yield glucose and galactose). Net ATP from glycolysis ATP from oxidative decarboxylation (if applicable) ATP formed from Krebs cycle (if applicable) Total net ATP
- Discuss how hypoglycin (an unusual amino acid found in the unripened fruit of the akee tree) acts as a mechanism-based inhibitor of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. What is a mechanism-based inhibitor? How is it different from a transition state analog? How is hypoglycin metabolized in the cell? What compound is formed? Include relevant chemical structures and reactions. How does the compound formed in part b inhibit acyl-CoA dehydrogenase? Include relevant chemical structures and reactions. Compare the mechanism of inhibition of β-oxidation by hypoglycin A with the mechanism of inhibition of the TCA by fluoroacetate.Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of arachidic acid (20:0). ___________ a. How many rounds of the β-oxidation pathway will be involved? ___________ b. How many acetyl CoA will be produced? ___________ c. How many NADH will be produced from all the rounds of the β-oxidation pathway? ___________ d. How many ATP will eventually be produced from the complete oxidation of one mole of arachidoyl CoA?Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. How will the concentrations of citric acid cycle intermediates change immediately after the addition of malonate? Why is malonate not a substrate for succinate dehydrogenase?