Zoom in on the pictures to see it better, Please help thank you. I need it soon. Question:3.How might the external environmental factors (cultural, political, economic, etc.) affect future demand for Ecuadoran roses? Market StructureFluctuations in DemandEcuador's cut-flower exports, of which 73 percent are ros-es, have become very important to its economy, employingover 100,000 people directly and many more in supportingindustries. Its rose farms are typically owned by individualfamilies, who engage in a mixture of cooperation and com-petition. They cooperate through a producers' association,Expoflores, to negotiate better airline carriage rates and findmeans to improve production methods; they compete vigor-ously with each other for customers abroad; and it is com-mon for them to sell below cost if they are short of cash andhave excess supplies that might otherwise perish.For Ecuador's largest market, the United States, growerssell to both importers and wholesalers. The importers sell tolarge customers, such as wholesalers, mass-market retail-ers (including grocery chains), and hotels. Wholesalers, inturn, sell to mass-market retailers or florists, who then sell toPlanning rose production is difficult because of demandchanges during business cycles, during periods of the year,and by variety of rose. This planning is further complicatedby unforeseen supply situations.The demand for roses, especially the high-end marketfor Ecuador's large, long-stemmed varieties, has been par-ticularly sensitive to income changes in importing countries.For instance, a global economic recession caused the valueof Ecuador's cut-rose exports to fall 42 percent between2007 and 2009, but export sales recovered nearly to the2007 level by 2012. With the 2014 fall in oil prices, Ecuador'sexports to oil-dependent-Russia (Ecuador's second-largestmarket) fell 30 percent in value. The decreases occurredas consumers bought fewer flowers of any kind, replacedsome rose purchases by buying less expensive flowers, andswitched in part to less premium roses. The demand changewas most noticeable through florists' sales, which dependmore on the most expensive roses; mass-market sales ofmixed flower bouquets held up fairly well.Demand during the calendar year changes substantiallyfinal consumers. The farms have been trying to sell more di-rectly to wholesalers in order to capture some of the marginin sales between importers and wholesalers; however, toomuch effort to do so could jeopardize their existing sales tothe importers on whom they depend. Given final distributionfragmentation, it is impractical for farmers to sell directly toin both volume and rose type. The biggest spike in sales byfar is for red roses on Valentine's Day. Accounting for 25 to 30percent of Ecuadoran rose exports, they are primarily officegifts and must usually be presented on February 14. (WhenValentine's Day falls on the weekend rather than on a weekday, sales drop substantially.) Since the growth period for arose stem is between 90 and 100 days, the farms must keepclipping stems so that they start growing and then matureon the right date for shipment. However, this 10-day marginbetween 90 and 100 days is due to uncontrollable weatherconditions. With more sunlight, the roses mature faster; withcolder weather, they mature slower. Farms can warm grow-ing areas artificially (at a cost). Slowing down maturity whentemperatures rise is even more costly inasmuch as agrono-mists must paint rose encasements with mud or cover entiregreenhouses with black fabric. The second-biggest spike isfor Mother's Day, but the demand is spread among differentcolors of roses. During the whole month of June, demandretailers abroad.Sales to importers and wholesalers are generally highlypersonalized, handled via verbal agreement rather thanwritten contract, and dependent on trust. In most instanc-es, there is a buyers' market for cut flowers, so exportersseek to develop confidence and trust among buyers to helpsecure repeat sales. For instance, if a farm cannot sup-ply what it has promised, perhaps due to adverse weatherconditions, it will typically try to buy supplies from otherproducers in order to fulfill its commitment and build buyerconfidence. Negotiations take place largely via e-mail, butexporters make occasional visits to importers and whole-salers to help cement personal relationships. Contacts,both in person and via e-mail, also help the growers planthe quantity of future production by date and rose vari-ety. Growers generally extend credit to the importers andwholesalers; however, if importers do not pay as agreed,increases again because it is a big month for weddings andCHAPTER 6 International Trade and Factor Mability Theory181the demand is primarily for cream-colored roses. During therest of the year, the export demand is fairly steady in bothvolume and color of rose, and growers try to get standingorders to assure steady sales. However, growers must makedecisions on how much effort to put into production for thehigh-demand periods versus the remainder of the year. Fur-ther, they must make these decisions without knowing whaters and must therefore depend on distributors to promotethose final sales. In fact, many florists advertise throughvarious media, and a quick perusal of the Internet indicatesthat some specifically promote Ecuadoran roses. Thus, forgrowers to increase exports they must convince importersand wholesalers to promote final demand, such as throughretailers, for the differentiated Ecuadoranpremium-pricedroses. This is difficult because the number of players (grow-ers, importers, wholesalers, and retailers) is so large andfragmented that no single player at any point in the distribu-other growers are doing, which could mean over- or under-supply at any given time.Roses vary by such characteristics as color, fragrance,size, stem length, and the way they open. In fact, there areabout 6,500 varieties of roses, and a farm cannot growthem all. The variety per farm depends largely on the farm'ssize. Hoja Verde, one of the largest Ecuadoran producers,grows over 400 rose varieties, whereas a more typical Ec-uadoran rose farm, such as Grupo Vegaflor, grows abouttion chain has much influence on final consumers.Many Ecuadoran growers are putting more emphasis onsome countries than on others. Although Ecuador exportsroses to more than 90 countries, its sales are highly con-centrated in the United States and Russia, which accountfor a bit over 60 percent of its export market. These twocountries are also the largest final consumer markets for im-ported cut roses. Ecuador and Colombia dominate the roseexport sales to these countries. Colombian roses dominatethe U.S. import market, and Ecuadoran roses dominate theRussian import market. Observers believe this discrepancyin market share between the two leading markets is due toRussian consumers' preference for long-stemmed roses,whereas the U.S. mass-market preference is for shorter andless expensive roses sold in supermarkets.Ecuador and Colombia together dominate the exportsale of cut roses to some other markets as well, such asCanada and Spain, but these markets are small comparedto the United States and Russia. Thus, there is a question ofthe existence of some fairly untapped markets. Some Ecua-doran growers are considering the Middle East as a possibil-ity for sales expansion because new air service links Ecua-dor with Iran via Venezuela. Other growers believe that mostfuture growth must come from traditional export locations,either through increasing total rose sales in those locationsor by picking up market share from Colombian and othercountries' producers. At any rate, whether Ecuador's futurecut-rose export sales will be rosy or not seems to have noth-ing to do with its production ability. Rather, it will dependpartly on foreign demand (i.e., the penchant of consumersin other countries for buying its roses). It will depend also60. Regardless of farm size, its managers must estimatewhat the market will demand in order to choose which va-rieties to grow, how much area to allocate to each, andwhen to bring different quantities to maturity. Of course,growers depend largely on a few fairly standard but distinctroses for which there is demand throughout the year and inongoing years. Despite its dependence on standard rosesfrom year to year, the industry also depends on innovation.Growers are pressured, like producers in a fashion industry,to sell new varieties each year. Rose breeders, almost allin developed countries, such as Rosen Tantau in Germanyand E. G. Hills in the United States, develop new rose vari-eties that they promote to distributors. Rose growers mustthen predict the success of new varieties in order to choosewhich to grow. In tum, growers pay a fixed licensing fee tothe breeders for the rights to grow the new varieties anduse their names.Another factor affecting the rose market is the emer-gence of demand for fair-trade products, including cutflowers, from developing countries. For instance, TransFair,a not-for-profit organization, certifies whether flowers aregrown by using techniques promoting the environment andproviding sufficient benefits to workers and communities.Once certified, the flowers sell for about a 10 percent pre-mium, which is used for the workers and community. Whilereliable figures are unavailable on the size of this market,some estimates put it as high as 10 percent of the rose ex-port market. As of 2011, less than 10 percent of Ecuadoranon foreign competition (i.e., East African countries, such asKenya, Zimbabwe, and Uganda are presently in the processof increasing their output).rose farms had been certified.Present and Future MarketOur discussion implies that Ecuadoran rose growers couldbenefit by having consumers treat flowers as a less expend-able purchase, choose roses over other flowers, develop apreference for Ecuadoran roses, increase rose buying duringnonpeak periods, and better align their rose partiality withthe varieties that growers have chosen to produce. However,the growers presently have little influence onfinal consum- CASEEcuador: A RosyExport Future?Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose- Gertrude Stein, "Sacred Emily" from Geography and Play (1922)Stein intended her line to illustrate what a word can invoke.Given the many uses of "rose" throughout the ages, theword brings a nearly unique image and emotion to each ofus.It has been a name for daughters, an adornment for agarden or vase, a representation of a deceased versus livingmother on Mother's Day, a mark of love on Valentine's Day,an ingredient for perfume and medicine, a confetti of strewnpetals, and even the symbol of opposing armies during Eng-land's War of the Roses.market, has purchasing power, but it fills most demand withdomestic production. However, in many other countries, im-ports have largely displaced domestic output. For instance,the United States now imports more than twice the value ofits domestic flower production.Ecuadoran AdvantagesDeveloping countries have a labor cost advantage in therose market because production is very labor-intensive atalmost every stage-planting, fertilizing, fumigating, pruning,removing thorns, assembling by size and rose variety, andpackaging. Although Ecuador has this overall advantage, ithas a labor cost disadvantage with Colombia, its main com-petition, because its monthly minimum wage is almost $100more. Further, its transport cost for roses to the United Statesaverages 20-30 percent more than Colombia's. However,Ecuador has almost unique advantages in rose cultivation.Some Global ChangesAlthough growers have sold roses for centuries, their perish-ability (they should usually be sold within three to five daysof being cut) prevented extensive export before there wastimely, dependable, and economical air service. Today, rosescompose about half the $14 billion cut-flower export indus-try. Developing countries, many without significant domesticcut-flower markets, have accounted for most recent exportgrowth. The world's largest exporter is Colombia, with Ec-uador and Kenya running neck and neck for the second andthird positions. Given that consumers purchase roses as dis-cretions rather than as necessities, most exports are to high-income countries. Given the need to reach markets quicklyand inexpensively, most exports are regional-Kenya sendsmost of its flowers to Europe, Taiwan to Japan, Colombia andEcuador to the United States. However, chilling technologymay soon allow cut flowers to be sent in containers on ships.In addition to feasible air service, other logistical im-provements have speeded the connection between grow-ers and consumers. Take, for example, flower imports intothe United States. About 85 percent of the annual marketenters by air through Miami, which has more than 50 whole-salers and importers. These flowers, mainly from LatinAmerica, are packaged where they are cut and air freightedthe same day. The packaging often includes address labelsand tracking information so as to avoid the costly and time-consuming process of re-packaging for transshipment. Onarrival in Miami, the roses are placed at once in refriger-ated warehouses, where U.S. government customs andagriculture inspectors clear shipments by spot-checkingpackages to ascertain their invoice accuracy and absenceof insects.Of course, long before the growth in export markets,many countries produced flowers for nearby sale, andBecause the equator runs through the country, the sun isalmost directly overhead throughout the year, which speedsgrowth and allows for year-round temperature consisten-cy. It grows roses at high altitudes (averaging about 2000meters, or 6561 feet) that provide the very cool nights thatare ideal. Seventy percent are grown north of the capitalof Quito, and 30 percent to the south. These areas obtainsome are still domestically focused. China and India havelarger land areas under flower cultivation than any othercountries, but their quality is insufficient to compete muchinternationally. Japan, the world's second-largest cut-flowerRoses Harvest, plantation in Tumbaco, Cayambe, Ecuador180PART 3 Theories and Institutions: Trade and Investmentwater from the mineral-rich melting snow of the Andes. Theresult is that Ecuadoran roses have very large buds, stemsup to a meter in length, vivid colors, and extended vase life.The growers sell them at about a one-third price premiumabove Colombian exported roses. In addition, because Ec-uadoran growing areas have less rainfall variation than thosein Colombia, they enjoy a lower climatic risk. Nevertheless,damage from weather conditions, particularly wind and rain,is an uncertainty for growers everywhere. In addition, thegrowing area south of Quito, because of its higher altitude,can produce more premium roses (bigger buds and longerstems), but it is subject to a greater risk of frost than the areathen exporters require payment by letter of credit in futuresales. Sales are f.o.b. Quito, which means that growerskeep title only until the roses are loaded on the aircraft;thus, they do not have legal responsibility if the roses ar-rive damaged or no longer fresh. (They are responsible fordamage caused by disease and for sending a different va-riety of rose than was ordered.) However, the personal rela-tionship in transactions means that importers, wholesalers,and growers work out responsibility in such circumstances.Although wholesalers and importers try to maintain highquality on roses sold to final consumers, there is an under-ground market for older and damaged roses that is difficultto the north.to control.

Question

Zoom in on the pictures to see it better, Please help thank you. I need it soon. Question:3.How might the external environmental factors (cultural, political, economic, etc.) affect future demand for Ecuadoran roses? Market StructureFluctuations in DemandEcuador's cut-flower exports, of which 73 percent are ros-es, have become very important to its economy, employingover 100,000 people directly and many more in supportingindustries. Its rose farms are typically owned by individualfamilies, who engage in a mixture of cooperation and com-petition. They cooperate through a producers' association,Expoflores, to negotiate better airline carriage rates and findmeans to improve production methods; they compete vigor-ously with each other for customers abroad; and it is com-mon for them to sell below cost if they are short of cash andhave excess supplies that might otherwise perish.For Ecuador's largest market, the United States, growerssell to both importers and wholesalers. The importers sell tolarge customers, such as wholesalers, mass-market retail-ers (including grocery chains), and hotels. Wholesalers, inturn, sell to mass-market retailers or florists, who then sell toPlanning rose production is difficult because of demandchanges during business cycles, during periods of the year,and by variety of rose. This planning is further complicatedby unforeseen supply situations.The demand for roses, especially the high-end marketfor Ecuador's large, long-stemmed varieties, has been par-ticularly sensitive to income changes in importing countries.For instance, a global economic recession caused the valueof Ecuador's cut-rose exports to fall 42 percent between2007 and 2009, but export sales recovered nearly to the2007 level by 2012. With the 2014 fall in oil prices, Ecuador'sexports to oil-dependent-Russia (Ecuador's second-largestmarket) fell 30 percent in value. The decreases occurredas consumers bought fewer flowers of any kind, replacedsome rose purchases by buying less expensive flowers, andswitched in part to less premium roses. The demand changewas most noticeable through florists' sales, which dependmore on the most expensive roses; mass-market sales ofmixed flower bouquets held up fairly well.Demand during the calendar year changes substantiallyfinal consumers. The farms have been trying to sell more di-rectly to wholesalers in order to capture some of the marginin sales between importers and wholesalers; however, toomuch effort to do so could jeopardize their existing sales tothe importers on whom they depend. Given final distributionfragmentation, it is impractical for farmers to sell directly toin both volume and rose type. The biggest spike in sales byfar is for red roses on Valentine's Day. Accounting for 25 to 30percent of Ecuadoran rose exports, they are primarily officegifts and must usually be presented on February 14. (WhenValentine's Day falls on the weekend rather than on a weekday, sales drop substantially.) Since the growth period for arose stem is between 90 and 100 days, the farms must keepclipping stems so that they start growing and then matureon the right date for shipment. However, this 10-day marginbetween 90 and 100 days is due to uncontrollable weatherconditions. With more sunlight, the roses mature faster; withcolder weather, they mature slower. Farms can warm grow-ing areas artificially (at a cost). Slowing down maturity whentemperatures rise is even more costly inasmuch as agrono-mists must paint rose encasements with mud or cover entiregreenhouses with black fabric. The second-biggest spike isfor Mother's Day, but the demand is spread among differentcolors of roses. During the whole month of June, demandretailers abroad.Sales to importers and wholesalers are generally highlypersonalized, handled via verbal agreement rather thanwritten contract, and dependent on trust. In most instanc-es, there is a buyers' market for cut flowers, so exportersseek to develop confidence and trust among buyers to helpsecure repeat sales. For instance, if a farm cannot sup-ply what it has promised, perhaps due to adverse weatherconditions, it will typically try to buy supplies from otherproducers in order to fulfill its commitment and build buyerconfidence. Negotiations take place largely via e-mail, butexporters make occasional visits to importers and whole-salers to help cement personal relationships. Contacts,both in person and via e-mail, also help the growers planthe quantity of future production by date and rose vari-ety. Growers generally extend credit to the importers andwholesalers; however, if importers do not pay as agreed,increases again because it is a big month for weddings andCHAPTER 6 International Trade and Factor Mability Theory181the demand is primarily for cream-colored roses. During therest of the year, the export demand is fairly steady in bothvolume and color of rose, and growers try to get standingorders to assure steady sales. However, growers must makedecisions on how much effort to put into production for thehigh-demand periods versus the remainder of the year. Fur-ther, they must make these decisions without knowing whaters and must therefore depend on distributors to promotethose final sales. In fact, many florists advertise throughvarious media, and a quick perusal of the Internet indicatesthat some specifically promote Ecuadoran roses. Thus, forgrowers to increase exports they must convince importersand wholesalers to promote final demand, such as throughretailers, for the differentiated Ecuadoranpremium-pricedroses. This is difficult because the number of players (grow-ers, importers, wholesalers, and retailers) is so large andfragmented that no single player at any point in the distribu-other growers are doing, which could mean over- or under-supply at any given time.Roses vary by such characteristics as color, fragrance,size, stem length, and the way they open. In fact, there areabout 6,500 varieties of roses, and a farm cannot growthem all. The variety per farm depends largely on the farm'ssize. Hoja Verde, one of the largest Ecuadoran producers,grows over 400 rose varieties, whereas a more typical Ec-uadoran rose farm, such as Grupo Vegaflor, grows abouttion chain has much influence on final consumers.Many Ecuadoran growers are putting more emphasis onsome countries than on others. Although Ecuador exportsroses to more than 90 countries, its sales are highly con-centrated in the United States and Russia, which accountfor a bit over 60 percent of its export market. These twocountries are also the largest final consumer markets for im-ported cut roses. Ecuador and Colombia dominate the roseexport sales to these countries. Colombian roses dominatethe U.S. import market, and Ecuadoran roses dominate theRussian import market. Observers believe this discrepancyin market share between the two leading markets is due toRussian consumers' preference for long-stemmed roses,whereas the U.S. mass-market preference is for shorter andless expensive roses sold in supermarkets.Ecuador and Colombia together dominate the exportsale of cut roses to some other markets as well, such asCanada and Spain, but these markets are small comparedto the United States and Russia. Thus, there is a question ofthe existence of some fairly untapped markets. Some Ecua-doran growers are considering the Middle East as a possibil-ity for sales expansion because new air service links Ecua-dor with Iran via Venezuela. Other growers believe that mostfuture growth must come from traditional export locations,either through increasing total rose sales in those locationsor by picking up market share from Colombian and othercountries' producers. At any rate, whether Ecuador's futurecut-rose export sales will be rosy or not seems to have noth-ing to do with its production ability. Rather, it will dependpartly on foreign demand (i.e., the penchant of consumersin other countries for buying its roses). It will depend also60. Regardless of farm size, its managers must estimatewhat the market will demand in order to choose which va-rieties to grow, how much area to allocate to each, andwhen to bring different quantities to maturity. Of course,growers depend largely on a few fairly standard but distinctroses for which there is demand throughout the year and inongoing years. Despite its dependence on standard rosesfrom year to year, the industry also depends on innovation.Growers are pressured, like producers in a fashion industry,to sell new varieties each year. Rose breeders, almost allin developed countries, such as Rosen Tantau in Germanyand E. G. Hills in the United States, develop new rose vari-eties that they promote to distributors. Rose growers mustthen predict the success of new varieties in order to choosewhich to grow. In tum, growers pay a fixed licensing fee tothe breeders for the rights to grow the new varieties anduse their names.Another factor affecting the rose market is the emer-gence of demand for fair-trade products, including cutflowers, from developing countries. For instance, TransFair,a not-for-profit organization, certifies whether flowers aregrown by using techniques promoting the environment andproviding sufficient benefits to workers and communities.Once certified, the flowers sell for about a 10 percent pre-mium, which is used for the workers and community. Whilereliable figures are unavailable on the size of this market,some estimates put it as high as 10 percent of the rose ex-port market. As of 2011, less than 10 percent of Ecuadoranon foreign competition (i.e., East African countries, such asKenya, Zimbabwe, and Uganda are presently in the processof increasing their output).rose farms had been certified.Present and Future MarketOur discussion implies that Ecuadoran rose growers couldbenefit by having consumers treat flowers as a less expend-able purchase, choose roses over other flowers, develop apreference for Ecuadoran roses, increase rose buying duringnonpeak periods, and better align their rose partiality withthe varieties that growers have chosen to produce. However,the growers presently have little influence onfinal consum- CASEEcuador: A RosyExport Future?Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose- Gertrude Stein, &#34;Sacred Emily&#34; from Geography and Play (1922)Stein intended her line to illustrate what a word can invoke.Given the many uses of &#34;rose&#34; throughout the ages, theword brings a nearly unique image and emotion to each ofus.It has been a name for daughters, an adornment for agarden or vase, a representation of a deceased versus livingmother on Mother's Day, a mark of love on Valentine's Day,an ingredient for perfume and medicine, a confetti of strewnpetals, and even the symbol of opposing armies during Eng-land's War of the Roses.market, has purchasing power, but it fills most demand withdomestic production. However, in many other countries, im-ports have largely displaced domestic output. For instance,the United States now imports more than twice the value ofits domestic flower production.Ecuadoran AdvantagesDeveloping countries have a labor cost advantage in therose market because production is very labor-intensive atalmost every stage-planting, fertilizing, fumigating, pruning,removing thorns, assembling by size and rose variety, andpackaging. Although Ecuador has this overall advantage, ithas a labor cost disadvantage with Colombia, its main com-petition, because its monthly minimum wage is almost $100more. Further, its transport cost for roses to the United Statesaverages 20-30 percent more than Colombia's. However,Ecuador has almost unique advantages in rose cultivation.Some Global ChangesAlthough growers have sold roses for centuries, their perish-ability (they should usually be sold within three to five daysof being cut) prevented extensive export before there wastimely, dependable, and economical air service. Today, rosescompose about half the $14 billion cut-flower export indus-try. Developing countries, many without significant domesticcut-flower markets, have accounted for most recent exportgrowth. The world's largest exporter is Colombia, with Ec-uador and Kenya running neck and neck for the second andthird positions. Given that consumers purchase roses as dis-cretions rather than as necessities, most exports are to high-income countries. Given the need to reach markets quicklyand inexpensively, most exports are regional-Kenya sendsmost of its flowers to Europe, Taiwan to Japan, Colombia andEcuador to the United States. However, chilling technologymay soon allow cut flowers to be sent in containers on ships.In addition to feasible air service, other logistical im-provements have speeded the connection between grow-ers and consumers. Take, for example, flower imports intothe United States. About 85 percent of the annual marketenters by air through Miami, which has more than 50 whole-salers and importers. These flowers, mainly from LatinAmerica, are packaged where they are cut and air freightedthe same day. The packaging often includes address labelsand tracking information so as to avoid the costly and time-consuming process of re-packaging for transshipment. Onarrival in Miami, the roses are placed at once in refriger-ated warehouses, where U.S. government customs andagriculture inspectors clear shipments by spot-checkingpackages to ascertain their invoice accuracy and absenceof insects.Of course, long before the growth in export markets,many countries produced flowers for nearby sale, andBecause the equator runs through the country, the sun isalmost directly overhead throughout the year, which speedsgrowth and allows for year-round temperature consisten-cy. It grows roses at high altitudes (averaging about 2000meters, or 6561 feet) that provide the very cool nights thatare ideal. Seventy percent are grown north of the capitalof Quito, and 30 percent to the south. These areas obtainsome are still domestically focused. China and India havelarger land areas under flower cultivation than any othercountries, but their quality is insufficient to compete muchinternationally. Japan, the world's second-largest cut-flowerRoses Harvest, plantation in Tumbaco, Cayambe, Ecuador180PART 3 Theories and Institutions: Trade and Investmentwater from the mineral-rich melting snow of the Andes. Theresult is that Ecuadoran roses have very large buds, stemsup to a meter in length, vivid colors, and extended vase life.The growers sell them at about a one-third price premiumabove Colombian exported roses. In addition, because Ec-uadoran growing areas have less rainfall variation than thosein Colombia, they enjoy a lower climatic risk. Nevertheless,damage from weather conditions, particularly wind and rain,is an uncertainty for growers everywhere. In addition, thegrowing area south of Quito, because of its higher altitude,can produce more premium roses (bigger buds and longerstems), but it is subject to a greater risk of frost than the areathen exporters require payment by letter of credit in futuresales. Sales are f.o.b. Quito, which means that growerskeep title only until the roses are loaded on the aircraft;thus, they do not have legal responsibility if the roses ar-rive damaged or no longer fresh. (They are responsible fordamage caused by disease and for sending a different va-riety of rose than was ordered.) However, the personal rela-tionship in transactions means that importers, wholesalers,and growers work out responsibility in such circumstances.Although wholesalers and importers try to maintain highquality on roses sold to final consumers, there is an under-ground market for older and damaged roses that is difficultto the north.to control.

Accepted Answer

While formulating policy options or strategies, an organization must take account of external…

Question: 3.How might the external environmental factors (cultural, political, economic, etc.) affect future demand for Ecuadoran roses?