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- Question 31 In COPD, what pro-inflammatory mediator is largely responsible for increasing endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, up-regulating the expression of other cytokines, is increased during acute exacerbations and is associated with weight loss? Question 31 options: TNF-alpha Anti-trypsin IL-6 IL-10Question 1 Nursing. Innate lymphoid cells reside primarily in tissues such as the lungs, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin, because these sites represent the major routes of entry of pathogens into the body. Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist, and each is specialized to respond to a category of pathogen (e.g., viruses, extracellular bacteria, helminthic parasites, etc). a) True b) FalseQUESTION 11 A graduate student, whom had not taken BIOL 531, localized the epitope for an antibody generated by the COVID19 vaccine to the peptide sequence below. S21P2 PSKPSKRSFIEDLLFNKV The student did a Blast search of the human proteome and found matches to human proteins. They are concerned that this means the vaccine could cause an autoimmune rection to human proteins. Is this student justified in this concern? Use statistics from a Blast search to justify your answer (Limit 5-6 sentences).
- QUESTION 16 Match the definitions and key words with the group name (programmed or stochastic). From the drop down boxes, choose the correct letter (A -- Programmed or B -- Stochastic). Celluar Aging: suggesting that the lifespan of a species is determined by an internal cellular "clock" that limits the number of cell divisions. Immune System: suggesting that aging is due to a break-down in the body's natural defense system against bacteria, viruses, and other substances. Error Theory: suggesting that errors at the cellular level produce "faulty" molecules. Evolutionary theory: suggesting that aging is a natural way to limit the reproductive potential and timespan of members of a species. Wear and Tear: suggesting that like a battery or a machine, the human…Question 28 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complication resulting from the: Question 28 options: a) Triggering of the complement system b) Release of lipid A from dying Gram-negative bacteria c) Release of cytotoxins d) Attachment of bacterial cells to the endocardiumQuestion 79 The discovery of antibodies and the understanding of their actions directly resulted in: Question 79 options: a) The development of passive immunization b) Improved vaccine design c) Improved methods of immunization d) The development of genetically engineered vaccines
- Question 64 Neisseria gonorrhea is able to disseminate from the primary site of infection to distal sites such as the heart or joints. By what mechanism is this microorganism able to disseminate? Question 64 options: a) This microorganism possesses strong flagella that can propel them through blood vessels b) This microorganism produces endospores that can resist phagocytosis and later germinate c) This microorganism possesses fimbriae which allow them to “hitch a ride” on sperm cells d) This microorganism can survive phagocytosis and multiply within neutrophilsQuestion 7What is the primary determinant of virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae? Question 7 options: a) The ability to lyse red blood cells b) The presence of a polysaccharide capsule c) The presence of train-specific teichoic acids in its cell wall d) The production of pneumolysinQuestion #1 Cytotoxic granules released from cytotoxic T cells contain proteins that enter target cells and induce apoptosis. Do any of the mechanisms of apoptosis induction by cytotoxic effector T cells rely on the protein APAF-1? If so, which pathway? Question #2 Cytotoxic T cells are rapid killers of infected target cells. Within minutes of the interaction of a cytotoxic T cell with a target cell, the program of apoptosis in the target cell is initiated. This rapid activity is a consequence of: The expression and packaging of perforin and granzymes in cytotoxic granules prior to target cell encounter The extremely rapid production of granzymes and perforin by cytotoxic effector cells upon encountering a target cell The extremely potent activity of perforins in poking holes in target cell membranes allowing entry of granzymes The efficient activity of granzymes in cleaving effector caspases leading to direct activation of apoptosis The large number of cytotoxic granules made and…
- Question 20 Medical microbiology laboratories are using molecular methods more and more to facilitate pathogen identification. What are the advantages of molecular methods, compared to traditional cultures? Question 20 options: a) Molecular methods provide rapid, quantitative results even for pathogens that have mutated b) Molecular methods are associated with increased sensitivity and yield rapid results c) Molecular methods are associated with increased sensitivity, and yield rapid results related to susceptibility testing d) Molecular methods yield results that remain positive for a long period of time, and are resistant to contamination with commensal organismsQuestion 24 pts When we are vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, what happens? (select all correct answers) Group of answer choices a) Our adaptive immune system becomes primed to recognize the SARS-CoV-2 virus. b) Our DNA becomes modified. c) We will permanently have viral proteins in our cells d) Our cells will make a partial or complete viral protein, which our immune system will recognize as foreign. e) Memory cells will be ready for a new infection.Question:- 8. How can cells of the vertebrate immune system produce so many different immunoglobulins from a small set of genes?