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- Question 1: In some microorganisms, carbon fixation occurs by reversal of the citric acid cycle. This reversal is accomplished in part by the use of a strong reductant (ferredoxin) to drive the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction in the reductive direction. Part a: ΔG°‘ for reaction as it occurs in the ‘normal’ (oxidative) citric acid cycle is -30.1 kJ/mol. The standard reduction potential for NADH is -0.32 V. In order to drive the reaction in the reverse direction, the reductant (a ferredoxin) must have a lower reduction potential than NADH/NAD+. Remembering that this is a two-electron reduction, and using the numbers given just above, compute the value of the ferredoxin reduction potential that would be needed to make the standard free energy zero (so that the reductive reaction is enegetically just as favorable as the oxidative reaction). Assume that all of the other reactants are the same in the reductive as in the oxidative reaction. Write out the steps in your calculation;…Question 9 Why does acetyl Co-A occupy a central role in cellular metabolism? Question 9 options: Acetyl Co-A is essential to the catabolic process that includes triglyceride synthesis Only amino acids and glucose can be converted to acetyl Co-A since glucose cannot be derived from fatty acids Amino acids, fatty acids and glucose can all be converted to acetyl Co-A Acetyl Co-A is essential to the anabolic process that includes the citric acid cyclQuestion 9 - Under anaerobic conditions in the muscle, lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction converting pyruvate to lactate. What is the metabolic reason for this fermentation reaction? It is necessary to reduce pyruvate before it can be converted to acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid cycle in muscle. NAD* must be replenished for glycolysis to continue. The reaction creates NADH which can produce additional energy in the electron transport chain. O Lactate is more oxidized than pyruvate.
- QUESTION 22 When the final product of a series of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions binds to the first enzyme in the pathway to limit its production, it generally uses ___ because the structure of this final product is generally not similar to that of any of the enzyme's normal substrates. Allosteric activation Zymogen activation Covalent modification Competitive inhibition Allosteric inhibitionQuestion 1: When the CAC is run in reverse by microorganisms that use it to fix carbon, the citrate synthase reaction is different and is catalyzed by an enzyme called ATP-citrate lyase. Write the reaction catalyzed by ATP-citrate lyase, then briefly (in one sentence) explain why the use of different chemistry (different from the ‘normal’ direction) makes sense here.Question No. 1 Give the advantages and disadvantages of submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation. Give two examples of acetic acid fermentation.
- Question 27 options: If 4 molecules of glucose entered into cellular respiration in the presence of O2, how many molecules of NADH will be formed assuming complete oxidation of each glucose molecule?QUESTION 1 a. John has just taken his Lunch meal, after which he is going to takes his Daily soccer practice match in the next 30 min, how will glycolysis operate/work in such conditions or be applicable b. How will oxidative phosphorylation work in sickly John who usually practice daily in soccer? Make possible scenarios c. Enzymes are critical in the metabolism of most most organic compounds, actually 30% of reactions are catalysed by them. How would the inactive enzymes (Sickness) in electron Transport Chain compromise the fat breakdown in the body.Question:- 1.) If 2 molecules of glucose enters glycolysis, a total of how many carbon dioxide molecules are released after Krebs Cycle including those released during pyruvate processing?
- QUESTION 10 True or False: The energy released by oxidation of NADH in the electron transport system is used to pump protons up their gradient. Protons flowing down their gradient are in turn used to provide the energy for phosphorylation of ADP. True FalseQuestion 1 a. What enzyme works on glucose-6-P when the energy charge is 0.80? b. What enzyme works on glucose-6-P when the energy charge is 0.97? c. What enzyme works on glycogen when the energy charge is 0.80?d. d. What enzyme works on glycogen when the energy charge is 0.97? e. What enzyme works on pyruvate when the energy charge is 0.80 (assume high O2)? f. What enzyme works on pyruvate when the energy charge is 0.97?Question 1: The overall process enabled by the glyoxylate cycle is: (2acetyl-CoA) + (NAD+) + (2H2O) → (succinate) + (2CoA) + (NADH) + (2H+) Dissect this process further by writing down all of the reactions that are actually involved in making one succinate from two acetyl-CoA units. Show chemical structure for all intermediates.